Frequently asked Questions

• Since we are not experienced users of thermal decontamination plants, and different manufacturers are represented on the Russian market, it is difficult for us to analyze all the advantages and disadvantages of incinerators. Is it possible to provide a de 1

  Answer

  We will be very happy to conduct a detailed comparative analysis of our installation and the installation from another manufacturer, it is important for us to note that, first of all, we differ not only in quality and perfect technology, but also in an individual approach, primarily based on the specific waste of the client, its morphology and features, chemical composition, aggregate state, our chemists will allow calculations, analysis, the results of which form the basis for the design and selection of the layout of the complex. This guarantees the client that he receives reliable data on the operational performance of his installation (equipment).

  COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BRENER AND HURIKАN

  №	Name of the characteristic	Waste thermal treatment and disposal unit (INCINERATOR) «BRENER-500-ECO-B», Parameters	Equipment for high-temperature neutralization and waste disposal based on the HURIKAN 400 R incinerator with a dry gas cleaning system, Parameters	Comments on ECO-SPECTRUM
  1. About suppliers:
  1.1.	Referent list	not represented	Confirmation (documents) of the availability of experience in designing and supplying rotary equipment with a gas cleaning system are provided in Appendix No. 1 (The reference list of delivered rotary-type incinerators with the contacts of operating organizations)	For an objective comparison and a comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to establish the existence of experience in the production of rotary kilns, it is necessary to check each object with the supplied equipment
  1.2.	Confirmation of emissions compliance (analysis protocols from the rotary kiln)	no data provided	The documents confirming compliance with emissions are provided in Appendix No. 2 (confirmation of compliance with emissions of international standards)	For an objective analysis and comparison of incinerator, it is necessary to obtain confirmation of compliance with emissions of international standards. It is necessary to request all data indicating the Description of equipment name of the incinerator, the application of the certificate of an accredited laboratory to the emission protocols
  1.3.	Availability of patents, confirmation of own solutions and technologies	no data provided	The documents confirming Patents for rotary incinerator lining, gas cleaning system (drop catcher) presented in https://ecospectrum.ru/doc/	For a comprehensive analysis and exclusion of risks associated with the acquisition of equipment manufactured in violation of the intellectual rights of competitors, it is necessary to verify the right to manufacture equipment
  1.4.	About company, production and financial resources of the supplier	According to official sources of the tax service TIN 1840042015, name: LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION "ECOSYSTEMS" https://www.audit-it.ru/contragent/1151840007550_ooo-po-ekosistemy ______________ the number of employees in the state for 2022 is 8 people (an increase of 1 employer from 2021; income for 2022 is 125.9 million (decrease of 4% from 2021) Authorized capital: 10 thousand ₽	According to official sources of the tax service TIN 2312187206, name: LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY "ECO-SPECTRUM" https://www.audit-it.ru/contragent/1112312011030_ooo-eko-spektrum _______________ the number of employees in the state for 2022 is 105 people (an increase of 32 employees from 2021), income for 2022 is 503,7 million (an increase of 66% from 2021) Authorized capital: 1.02 million ₽	it is necessary to request information and pay attention to the production and financial resources of the supplier company in order to obtain guarantees of solvency and availability of resources for order fulfillment The ECO-SPECTRUM company The production of a high-tech product requires highly qualified personnel At the moment, the number of personnel in the ECO-SPECTRUM company is more than 120 people: production staff - 64 people, engineering staff - 35 people, administrative and support staff more than 20 people.
  2. About equipment:
  2.1. Сharacteristics of the incinerator:
  2.1.1	Combustion Chamber Volume, no less	4,2 m3	4,8 m3
  2.1.2.	Combustion Chamber, Weight	no data provided	11 ton
  2.1.3.	Combustion Chamber, Lining, thickness	Refractory concrete Thickness- no data provided	Composite: refractory concrete and ceramic plate, 120 мм (30mm -ceramic fiber plate 90mm -concrete)
  2.1.4.	Afterburning Chamber Volume, no less	4,2 m3	6 m3	To ensure a guaranteed gas delay of 2 seconds at nominal capacity
  2.1.5.	Afterburning Chamber, Weight	no data provided	2,5 ton
  2.1.6.	Type of afterburning chamber	Rectangular	Cylindrical with radial inlet	Provides 100% utilization of the entire volume of the chamber during the afterburning of gas
  2.1.7.	Afterburning chamber lining, thickness	Refractory bricks Thickness- no data provided Material lining of the chamber ceiling- no data provided	Ceramic Fiber Thickness 120-140 mm Material lining of the chamber ceiling- Ceramic Fiber
  2.1.8.	Fire-resistant properties of heat insulation, °C	1700 °C.	The operating temperature of: refractory concrete is 1400 C, refractory coating of the insulating fiber is -1700 C, the insulating fiber is 1260 C
  2.1.9.	Сalculation model of lining types			Appendix No. 3 (calculation of thermal conductivity) To compensate for the heat loss of fireclay bricks, fuel consumption for maintaining high temperatures will increase in 3 times as in comparison with the insulating layer, whose heat loss is 3 times less The use of insulating material in bricklaying is impossible due to the loss of stability of the lining
  NOTE!		For the variant with fireclay brick lining, the average heat transfer value will be from 5 to 10 W/(m2 * ° C), depending on the brand used	The heat transfer for the main chamber of the HURIKAN R series incinerator is 2.9 W/(m2*°C), the heat transfer of the secondary chamber is 2 W/(m2*°C).	Incorrect characteristic or false. Insulation with such characteristics is not available on the market at all (with an operating surface temperature of 1700 C), perhaps the supplier means a refractory fireclay brick. Regarding its characteristics, see paragraph 2.7.-4 colomn
  2.1.10.	Element seal of the loading unit of the rotary kiln	NO		The use of a petal seal on the main chamber of the incinerator allows for maximum tightness, to exclude extraneous air intake, and also to exclude the operator's contact with the incinerator flue gases while ensuring the required mobility of the chamber (minimal friction and, accordingly, energy consumption for the drive).
  2.1.11.	Afterburning Chamber, Weight	no data provided	не более 2500 кг
  2.1.12.	Combustion (main) chamber temperature, regulated, °C	850 °C	850-950 °C
  2.1.13.	Afterburning chamber temperature, regulated, °C	850-1000 °C	950-1150 °C
  2.1.14.	Burn Rate, kg/hour (up to)	1000-2000* * Depends on calories and waste density	400 For waste with a specific heat of combustion of 2000 kcal/kg and a humidity of 35%	The incinerator's capacity of 1000-2000 kg/hour is possible on inert waste with zero caloric value (for example, sand, soil), that is, this indicator is the capacity of the rotary kiln - to pass inert material during rotation.
  NOTE!		the specified productivity (1000-2000 kg / hour) on waste with this configuration of the complex is impossible. The client must provide a list of waste to determine the chemical. composition and, accordingly, performance. Otherwise, the comparison of characteristics will not be objective and correct. Сморите таблицу с расчетом.		Burn rate calculated on the HURIKAN 400 R rotary type unit for different types of waste (taking into account the thermal conductivity values of lining materials) Appendix No. 4 (Fuel consumption and burn rate)
  2.1.15.	Average loading capacity =" Volume "of one-time loading, m3 (up to) (receiving hopper with screw feed to the combustion chamber)	1.5 м3	From 1 to 2 м3	The storage hopper with subsequent screw feeding can be supplied with almost any volume, it all depends on the type of waste, it is agreed with the Customer
  2.1.16.	Additional loading opening (mm), w/h	500х500	Absent (impractical)	Optionally, it is possible to install a manual feeding unit built into the hopper, however, we consider it impractical, the design of the loading unit, where static and rotating parts are joined, will not allow this window to be used functionally, efficiently and safely.
  2.1.17.	Liquid waste supply port	no data provided	liquid waste supply port is installed on request	Depending on the characteristics of the liquid waste, we can choose a feed unit
  2.1.18.	Fuel type	Diesel	Diesel	It is possible to supply burner devices for any type of fuel by agreement
  2.1.19	Burner devices Total capacity of burner devices	3 pcs (Eco Flam, Italy) no data provided	4 pcs (Ecoflam, Italy) Total heat output Min. 219 -Max.679 kW	Depending on the thermal conductivity of the lined layer, the total thermal power of the burner devices is selected
  2.1.20.	Diesel consumption, liters per hour, min-max	20-60* * Depends on calories and waste density passport fuel consumption, waste consumption is not specified	25-68 kg/h Fuel consumption according to passport Fuel consumption passport means the consumption of fuel by burner devices per hour during non-stop operation	Due to the unique combined lining of the combustion chamber and the afterburning chamber with high insulation and refractory characteristics, fuel consumption is reduced to almost zero.( Patent No. 1234567) When the customer provides a list of waste, we can calculate the burn rate and fuel consumption For example, fuel consumption for medical waste /solid waste
  2.1.21.	Method of waste loading	From the top	From the top
  2.1.22.	Separation of ash	no data provided	YES
  3.1.Gas cleaning system
  3.1.	DRY and WET gas cleaning system	YES	DRY WET COMBO
  NOTE!		There is no detailed data on gas purification technology and assembly of units
  3.2.	Cyclone filter	YES	YES
  3.3.	Exhauster capacity,	10000 m3/hour	2500 Nm3/h (4300 m3/h at flue gas temperature +200°C)
  NOTE!		This parameter must be specified either at operating temperature or under normal conditions
  3.4.	Cooler (recuperator)	NO	YES	Provides pre-cooling of flue gases to operating temperatures to ensure the operability of the subsequent equipment of the gas cleaning system
  NOTE!		Without reducing the temperature in the system, the service life of cyclones made of black metal will burn out within 3-5 months	Reduces to 200 S (a necessary element of the gas cleaning system to ensure the operability and long service life of the equipment)
  3.5.	Cleaned gases temperature (at outlet to atmosphere), °C	no more than 200 °C	no more than 200 °C
  NOTE!		Temperature reduction from 950 C to 200 C in the configuration presented by BRENER is possible only with forced dilution of flue gases with atmospheric air	The temperature reduction from 1150 C to 200 C in the ECO-SPECTRUM configuration is achieved due to the heat exchanger, HURIKAN never uses forced dilution of flue gases with atmospheric air, as this distorts the emission concentrations and contradicts environmental legislation.	Ensuring truthful indicators of plant emissions, there is no distortion of concentrations Forced dilution of flue gases with atmospheric air distorts the readings of the concentration of substances in the exhaust gases, which is fraught with violation of environmental control
  3.6.	Overall size of the cyclone Temperature of gases in a cyclone	no data provided no data provided	LxWxH, mm - 1300x700x2600 200 C
  3.7.	Drop catcher	NO	YES	Necessary for removing liquid and moisture (especially if there are liquid or wet inclusions in the waste) for the bag filter and ensuring its operation Removes excess moisture that is formed when condensation occurs due to the cooling of the flue gas. Protects the bag filter from failure.
  3.8.	Bag filter for capturing fine suspended particles	NO	YES	Provides removal of fine fraction of suspended particles
  3.9.	Adsorber for gas purification from gaseous impurities and heavy metals	NO	YES	Provides purification from gaseous impurities and heavy metals
  3.10.	Bypass with emergency pipe	NO	YES	Ensuring the safety of operation in case of emergency situations with the gas cleaning system
  3.11.	O2 and CO sensor to control chemical afterburning	NO	YES	Provides control of the neutralization process with the maintenance of the required excess air and the level of chemical afterburning within the permissible norms of gas purification
  3.12.	Exhauster power supply	380V	380V
  3.13.	Chimney stack diameter, mm	400	500
  3.14.	Chimney stack height, meter	by your request	by your request
  3.15	Operation dimensions, meters (up to)	11.5x3х3.2	24,4х3,5х6,3*	In height, the minimum size, taking into account the emergency chimney
  3.16	Total weight, tons (up to)	28	40 two containers: 30 -foot и 10-foot
  NOTE!		With such a size, the gas cleaning equipment system and the installation cannot provide the declared performance
  4.1. Automatization
  4.1.	Automated digital control panel (touchscreen) IP 65	YES	YES	The degree of dust and moisture protection of the control panel is IP65.
  4.2.	Combustion process	Automated no detailed data provided	Automated Discharge sensors Temperature sensors Oxygen sensors Pressure gauge Differential pressure gauge PH sensors Fuel monitoring sensors Etc.	HURIKAN 400 R Automatization The control is carried out in automatic mode by burners (simultaneous switching on and differentiated separately), setting temperatures to save fuel and control the combustion process. Display of setpoints and actual values. Indication of errors and accidents. Graphic touch display, built-in archiver. Indicators for monitoring the status of burner devices. Monitoring the status of all sensors, pressure sensors. Indication of the emergency state of the installation, excess of operating temperatures. Automation of loading and opening of the hopper lid, separation of ash by fractions. Counter for the duration of the installation (operating hours). Displays the current fuel level in the fuel tank. Blocking the operation of the burner device when the fuel level is low. Auxiliary light and sound alarms. Remote operator panel with color touch multi-touch LCD display for remote control. Application of remote access technology to the controller: control, viewing, changing data on the PLC in remote mode from the operator's PC
  5.1 Consumption and electricity
  5.1.	Total power consumption, kW (up to)	35 kW	66,5 kW (Incinerator- 11.5 kW- rotation drives and deashing system ) Heat exchanger and Dry gas cleaning -55 kW	The gas neutralization temperature should be at least 950-1150 C, however, in the absence of any heat exchangers, it can be concluded that the cooling of flue gases before the cyclone occurs due to dilution of combustion products with atmospheric air, but in this case energy consumption should be higher than stated (35-55 kW) due to an increase in gas volumes after stirring with air by a fan. At the same time, it should be noted that no fan works at high temperatures, and if air stirring occurs due to traction, then it is safe to say that gas cooling from 950 C to 200 C is impossible. Also look at paragraph № 2.26.1
  5.2.	Power supply	220-380V/50-60Hz	220-380V/50-60Hz

   

   

  Сomparison of technological schemes

  «BRENER-500-ECO-B»

  

  

  1.Main chamber -1,

  2.Afterburning chamber-1

  3.Waste receiving chamber-1

  4.Loading hopper (screw)-1

  5.Ash unloading (screw)

  6.Ash unloading (manual)-1

  7.Belt feeder-1

  8.Gas cleaning system-1

   

   

  «ROTORY HURIKAN 400 R»

  

  1.Main chamber -1,

  2.Afterburning chamber-1

  3.Waste receiving chamber-1

  4.Loading hopper (screw)-1

  5.Ash unloading (screw)

  6.Ash unloading (manual)-1

  7.Belt feeder-1

  8.Gas cleaning system-1

  9.Ash unloading (screw)

  11.Ash unloading (manual)-1

  12.Belt feeder-1

  13.Gas cleaning system-

  14.Ash unloading (screw)

  15.Ash unloading (manual)-1

  16.Belt feeder-1

  17.Gas cleaning system-1

   

  Visual comparison

  ROTORY HURIKAN 400 R

  

  

  

  

  

   

   

  «BRENER-500-ECO-B»

  

  

  

  

   

   

  For a comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to resort to recommendations, namely, to request the missing information:

  Recommendations

  1) The caloric content and humidity of the waste, on which the productivity of 1000-2000 kg / hour is established.

  2) The number of burner devices and their name (models), manufacturer

  3) The amount of fuel consumed at the declared technical characteristics per 1 kg of incinerated waste

   4) Length and diameter of the furnace pipe

  5) Incineration chamber in section with lining indicating:

  5.1. Thickness and grade of steel

  5.2. Thickness and lining material

  5.3. Lining fasteners

  6) Lining of the roof of the afterburning chamber

  7) Weight of the combustion chamber

  8) Afterburning chamber weight

  9) Total capacity of the burner devices

  10) The volume of flue gases at a capacity of 1000 kg / h, m3/ h, specify the composition and dimensions of the cyclones of the gas purification system - specify which filters -specify the reagent consumption -specify the consumption of adsorbents -specify the water consumption -specify the volume and composition of the waste of the Gas cleaning system

  11)  Detailed functional description of automation with indication of the name of sensors and PLC

  12) Specify the service life of gas cleaning

  13) Due to which the exhaust gas is cooled, at which node the temperature drops

  14) A reference list of existing rotary kiln facilities with a gas cleaning system, indicating contacts and company names for feedback

  15) Photos or videos of the operation of similar equipment

  16) Indicate what emissions of substances will be at the output with the declared characteristics

  17) Indicate the overall size of the cyclone

• What is the fuel consumption during thermal neutralization? 2

  Answer

  Influencing factors on the amount of fuel for waste incineration           

             The process of thermal neutralization and disposal of waste is carried out with constant or temporal use of fuel. Waste incineration is also possible without the use of fuel under conditions of constant continuous supply of waste to the main chamber. In this paper we’re going to find out what factors effect on fuel consumption and the functional mode of burners.

             The first factor is what type of fuel will be used. There are several types of fuel used for waste incineration: diesel, gas, waste oils, fuel oil, etc. The calorific value of one type of fuel will be different from another. For instance, natural gas is more calorific compared to diesel, which means that gas consumption will be less than diesel consumption.

             The second factor affecting the amount of fuel consumption is the calorific value of the waste. The higher the calorific value of the waste, the less fuel will be required for combustion (high-calorific waste is capable of sustaining self-combustion). To minimize or reduce to zero the consumption of fuel required for evaporation of water in the waste, heating to set temperatures and the cost of heat loss, possibly by the heat released by the waste. For example, the calorific value of contaminated plastic is more than 6000 kcal/kg, the calorific value of food waste is about 800 kcal/kg. So, unlike food waste, plastic can be burned without using fuel.

             The third factor is the amount of air supplied to the main and secondary chambers. If the air is supplied without preheating, i.e., taken directly from the environment, that requires a significant amount of heat to heat it up to the preset temperatures. Consequently, the more air oxygen is required to burn the waste, the greater the fuel consumption for heating it. The more organic compounds in the composition of the waste, the more amount of air for waste incineration will be required. For example, the burning of 1 kg of contaminated plastic requires stoichiometrically about 9 kg of air, the burning of 1 kg of food waste requires about 2 kg of air. However, plastic is more calorific and the heat released during its combustion is sufficient to compensate the temperature loss.

           The fourth factor is the size of equipment for thermal treatment and disposal of waste. The larger the unit, the more fuel will be needed to heat up the main and secondary chambers. For instance, there will be 4 kg/h of fuel consumption because of heat losses on the pressure vessel walls of the HURIKAN 150 incinerator, and 15 kg/h for the HURIKAN 1000 incinerator. At the same time, when the incinerator enters the operating mode, i.e., full heating and maintaining of a constant continuous supply of waste to the main chamber, the effect of size of equipment on the amount of fuel consumption is reduced due to different productivity: the more waste is burned per unit of time, the more heat is released, therefore, a more productive plant generates more heat.

           Thus, the amount of fuel consumption for waste incineration is variable, and depends on a number of factors. The fuel consumption can also be minimized or reduced to zero.

• What is the difference between Hurikan and Volkan installations? 3

  Answer

  Eco-Spectrum produces three models of incinerators, which are divided into chambered incinerators of Volkan series, chambered incinerators of Hurikan series and rotary incinerators of Hurikan series. The fundamental difference between chamber incinerators and Hurikan is the productivity and volume of incinerated waste. Volkan series differ in loading volume, while the performance does not change (from 45 to 75 kg per hour), and the index in the name of the incinerators (150, 200, 750 ...) indicates the volume of a single load. Hurikan series are characterized by high performance, achieved due to the presence of grates and the volume of the afterburning chamber of gases. The grate system developed by our company allows to increase the area of combustion of waste, thereby achieving high productivity. Combustion system is designed in our company. The index of incinerators of Hurikan series indicates the performance of the incinerator (70, 150, 300 ...).

  Rotary Hurikan series are a rotating lined drum that allows the disposal of liquid waste, such as oil sludge, waste oils, etc., in addition to solid waste. Due to rotation, the waste is mixed, thanks to which a certain productivity is achieved on certain types of waste, which a chamber furnace cannot provide.
  

  Catalog

• Is the use of incinerators environmentally safe? 4

  Answer

  The technology of waste and waste gases neutralization after waste neutralization has been approved by a positive conclusion of the state expertise of the federal agency of Rosprirodnadzor. Eco-Spectrum regularly analyzes the ash obtained after waste disposal, as well as testing of equipment for emissions at customers' operating sites is carried out on an ongoing basis.

  Incinerator installations designed by our company meet all international standards of environmental and sanitary safety. Environmentally friendly emissions are provided by correctly calculated gas afterburning chambers and gas filtration systems. Thermal neutralization of exhaust gases in the afterburning chamber of gases occurs at temperatures exceeding 1100 degrees, which meets all international standards and ensures effective burning of dioxins and furans.

  Environmental policy

• How cheap is it to burn waste? 5

  Answer

  The prime costs of thermal waste treatment are fuel for combustion. A multi-layer lining developed by our specialists, and automated control system significantly lower the fuel consumption in comparison with analog equipment. The automated control system of the incinerator allows to cut fuel costs by burning waste.
  
  The burner is only needed for firing the waste, after that the fuel supply is automatically turned off by the program and logistics controller (PLC) and the air is supplied to the combustion chamber to support waste burning, while ceramic insulation layer and concrete lining perfectly keep the temperature inside, preventing heat loss, and effectively save fuel.
  
  In case of continuous supply of waste in small portions to the main chamber, the generated heat can be sufficient to compensate for the costs of heat loss (evaporation of water, heating of waste and air), it makes possible to minimize or to set burners’ fuel consumption to zero. And this is the reason why costs under condition of proper operation of the equipment are minimized. And if we take into account the possibility of obtaining a secondary, economic and energy resources, the waste incineration process can become cost-effective.
• How can the thermal energy obtained from waste incineration be used? 6

  Answer

  A huge amount of thermal energy is released at the process of waste burning, and it can be reused due to additional equipment manufactured by our company - a heat recovery system. The received heat energy can be used for premises and water heating.
• Why is your equipment more expensive than your competitors? 7

  Answer

  First of all, the Eco-Spectrum acts as an expert in solving waste disposal issues, has extensive experience in the production and installation of incinerators, as well as a large number of projects in the field of equipment development and design.

  The company's engineers, in cooperation with the company's environmentalists, as well as with university researchers, develop non-standard solutions for individual orders of their customers.

  An absolutely open approach to the client: we never overestimate performance indicators, but work to improve quality, investing all available resources in professional development, personnel development, training of leading engineers, due to which our developments are among the most high-tech in the industry.

• What are advantages of incineration compared to other methods of waste neutralization? 8

  Answer

  The worldwide challenge of waste management is the rational recycling and the maximum waste reduction. The solution to this problem must be comprehensive.
  For example, amount of municipal solid waste generation in Russia is about 63 million tons / year, even if to use the most modern and efficient waste sorting complexes, there will always be waste that cannot be reused (tailings).
  
  In case the benchmark indicators of the National Project “Ecology” are reached, the amount of tailings for disposal will be more than 30 mln. tons per year. This number does not solve the issue of waste accumulation and landfill overusing, but only slightly extends their operational life. At the same time, the environmental pollution issues, as a result of the negative impact of landfills, remain unresolved and the energy resource or MSW are unconverted to energy.  
  
  Currently, the incineration is the most effective way to reduce the waste disposal level of tailings to zero amount of waste, it allows to neutralize waste the safest way for environment, while reducing its amount and get secondary material and energy resources, turn waste into raw materials and generate heat and electricity.
  Our company has developed and successfully implemented these projects by production of secondary material resources, such as waste into heat for industrial premises and using ash as an industrial material.
• What are the advantages of incineration relative to other disposal methods? 9

  Answer

  The main problem around the world in working with waste is rational recycling and maximum reduction of waste volume. It is necessary to approach the solution of this problem comprehensively. 30% of the volume of waste generated worldwide can be recycled, this can be achieved using modern waste sorting methods, but no matter how modern and efficient the waste sorting complex is, there will always be waste that cannot be recycled (tailings) and at the moment the most effective way is incineration, which allows you to get rid of waste as cleanly as possible, while reducing its volume by 20 times.
• What can be burned? 10

  Answer

  By incineration, it is possible to neutralize waste with organic inclusions that can be decomposed when exposed to temperatures. The list of waste is presented in the State Environmental Report on the equipment and is based on the legislative framework.
• Brick or concrete – which lining to choose? 11

  Answer

  Disadvantages of bricks:

  • frequent repairs;
  • it falls out during operation, and untimely repairs lead to the burnout of the metal frame of the equipment;
  • despite the high refractory properties, the brick material has a high thermal conductivity, which entails large heat losses (it is impossible to apply an insulating layer in the brick lining, which leads to fuel overspending to constantly maintain high temperatures in the chamber);
  • on the surface of the incinerator, the temperature can reach 80-100 degrees or more, which is unsafe for the installation operator and reduces the service life of the equipment due to the constant thermal load on the frame.

  Advantages of concrete:

  • equipment operation without repair for at least 5 years;
  • due to the technology of using an insulating layer and a metal frame, a huge amount of heat is saved, fuel costs for maintaining are minimized, which makes the cost of waste disposal low.;
  • at high temperatures in the furnace (and it reaches more than 1000 degrees), the outer surface of the incinerator does not exceed 50-60 degrees, which ensures the safety of the operator during operation;
  • thanks to the principle technology of monolithic filling of the lining, maximum mechanical stability is ensured during transportation, movement, relocation and, in fact, operation.
• What types of fuel can the equipment run on? 12

  Answer

  In the production of our incinerators, we use a high-quality burner device of Italian production EcoFlam, which can use fuel as: diesel, natural gas, associated gas, waste oil (not suitable for regeneration), fuel oil. Also, the burners can be dual-fuel (from the above). If necessary, we can consider analogs of burner devices. The more powerful the pumps are needed (for example, for waste oil, fuel oil), the more expensive the burner device is, but it can pay off faster if the fuel source is available.
• What are the main nuances of safe operation of the equipment? 13

  Answer

  During the operation of the incinerator installation, it is necessary to follow the equipment operation manual immaculately, and also observe safety precautions. Undoubtedly, the most important point is a competently selected staff who will understand the physical processes taking place in the equipment, monitor its integrity and good technical condition.
  
  When incinerating different types of waste, it is necessary to take into account the morphological composition of the waste, the water content and gas formation during combustion. Experimentally, in small batches, select the optimal volume of the maximum load of the incinerator in order to avoid excessive ignition, smoke formation, and an uncontrolled set of temperatures.
  
• We need to dispose of waste: Filter and absorption waste masses (based on aluminosilicate) contaminated (4 43 703 99 29 4) and Spent coal from rainwater treatment 4 43 711 02 49 4, are HURIKAN units suitable? 14

  Answer

  Ответ
• Are filter fabrics made of different materials contaminated with insoluble or slightly soluble mineral substances (4 43 290 11 62 436) subject to incineration, rendering harmless, and what is the ash residue percentage? 15

  Answer

  Ответ
• What to do with waste such as spent activated carbon contaminated with oil products (less than 15%) (44250402 204), polypropylene-based sorbent contaminated with oil products (less than 15%), polypropylene filters that have lost their consumer properties? 16

  Answer

  Ответ
• Возможно ли обезвреживать в установках HURIKAN отходы: Цеолит отработанный, загрязненный нефтью и нефтепродуктами (содержание нефтепродуктов менее 15%) 4 42 501 02 29 4 Is it possible to neutralize waste in HURIKAN installations: Spent zeolite contaminat 17

  Answer

  Ответ
• Is it possible to use Eco-Spectrum equipment to dispose of/burn waste polymer and polyethylene containers, plastics, and contaminated disposable tableware? 18

  Answer

  Ответ
• Is it possible to neutralize in the VOLKAN unit: rubber gloves contaminated with chemical reagents, containers made of various polymeric materials that do not contain halogens, as well as waste from technical products made of polyurethane? 19

  Answer

  Ответ
• Is it necessary to prepare waste with a predominant rubber content, such as footwear made of rubber, leather and polymer materials, waste rubber products contaminated with petroleum products, before thermal neutralization? 20

  Answer

  Ответ
• What type of incinerator is suitable for the disposal and neutralization of waste: Workwear contaminated with oil products (less than 15%), gloves contaminated with oil products (less than 15%), leather work shoes? 21

  Answer

  Ответ
• What kind of waste does a gas treatment system need? 22

  Answer

  Ответ
• Which waste has the least fuel cost? 23

  Answer

  Ответ
• Можно ли смешивать отходы при сжигании (обезвреживании) в инсинераторе HURIKAN ? Is it possible to mix waste during incineration (neutralization) in the HURIKAN incinerator? 24

  Answer

  Ответ
• Какие отходы рекомендуются утилизировать и обезвреживать в роторных инсинераторах? What waste is recommended to be disposed of and neutralized in rotary incinerators? 25

  Answer

  Ответ
• How does the incinerator supplier confirm that emissions comply with environmental regulations? 26

  Answer

  - Air pollutant emissions analysis (sampling and measurement) reports, including sampling reports and actual emissions summary sheet, submitted by an accredited laboratory with respect to the following elements:
  nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon oxide, saturates C12-C19, suspended substances, benzapyrene, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, dioxins, mercury and its compounds, soot, formaldehyde;
  
  - emissions (kg/h) calculations based on the figure reports submitted for the following elements:
  ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, carbon oxide, nitrogen oxides (total of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide), sulfur dioxide, suspended substances.
  
• What kind of Environmental requirements to the incinerators? 27

  Answer

  Pollutant emissions factors in the ambient air during processing of the waste list approximate in component composition to the Buyer's waste list presented hereto shall ensure:

  - compliance with the process parameters of the best available waste disposal and neutralization methods, including thermal methods, approved by RF Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Decree No. 844 dd 12.11.2021;

  - non exceedance of the emissions (kg/h) limits defined by sub-paragraph b) of paragraph 8 of the Codes approved by the RF Government Regulation No. 262 dd

  It is also possible to ensure compliance with emissions requirements through Monitoring through direct measurements, which can be divided into continuous monitoring and periodic monitoring. The advantage of continuous monitoring methods over periodic monitoring methods is that they provide a greater number of data acquisition points. However, they may have some disadvantages, for example, they may require more costs and may be of little use in the case of highly stable technological processes; in addition, the accuracy of data for online analyzers may be lower than for laboratory measuring instruments.

• What are the recommendations for the recovery of ferrous metals during waste recycling and disposal in the VOLKAN & HURIKAN incinerators? 28

  Answer

  The best available technologies for waste treatment involve the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous metals from waste. The extraction of ferrous metals is done with a magnetic separator: the ash is placed on a conveyor belt or vibrating conveyor and all magnetic particles are attracted to a suspended magnet. The extraction of ferrous metals can be done when the raw waste comes out of the ash dump. Efficient extraction of ferrous metals requires additional treatment with intermediate grinding and sieving.
  
   Useful components are extracted with an eddy current or magnetic separator. The technique is effective for particle sizes from 4-30 mm and requires an even distribution of waste on the conveyor belt. Non-ferrous metals are recovered after ferrous metals are extracted, particles are ground and sieved.
  
   The approach feasibility is closely linked to the metal content of the waste arriving at waste treatment and disposal. This, in turn, depends on the collection mode and the pretreatment to which the waste is subjected before it is fed into the unit. For example, in areas with well-developed and successful separate household waste collection systems, quite small quantities of metals in waste may be found. Pretreatment of household waste to produce fuel from waste has the same effect.
  
   Ferrous metals are recovered using a small amount of energy, and efficiency is increased by applying size pre-sorting, shredding and distributing the waste evenly across the magnet area. This involves the additional use of electrical energy.
  
   Non-ferrous metals are separated by metal type and then remelted. As a result, the ash contains less metal and can be recycled into an inert secondary building material.
  
   Technologically, it is possible to obtain noble and rare metals from copper electrolyte sludge based on oxidative roasting.
• What methods of laboratory determination of physical characteristics exist? 29

  Answer

  The composition of fly ash produced by conventional and clean burning can be characterized using the recommended testing methods and further characterized using the chemical tests in the table.

  The buyer (customer) may specify the limit values of fly ash composition, depending on the specific features of a particular variant of its secondary (final) use.

   

  Table 1 - Composition of ash and recommended chemical tests of ash

  Test method	Ash composition indicator	Limit value
  С114 [2]	Sulfur trioxide, %
  С311 [3]	Moisture content, %
  С311 [3]	Losses on ignition, %
  С114 [2], D2795 [4], D3682 [5], D4326 [6]	Calcium oxide, %
  С114 [2], D2795 [4], D3682 [5], D4326 [6]	magnesium oxide %
  С114 [2], D2795 [4], D3682 [5], D4326 [6]	silicon dioxide plus aluminum oxide plus iron oxide %
  In specific cases, a minimum or maximum value can be used. With this method, the ash dust replaces the hydraulic cement.

   

  Additional chemical tests (limit values to be set by the buyer/customer only if necessary) of fly ash

     Table 2

  Test method	Indicator	Limit value
  С25 [7]	Indicator of the immediate decontamination of calcium oxide in lime, %
  С311 [3]	Available alkalis as Na2O, %
  С400 [8]	Hydrogen index

  С602 [9]	Calcium carbonate equivalent (CaCO3), %
  D3178 [10]	Carbon (C), %
  D3683 [11]	Impurities (total) (e. g. sulfides, sulfites and sulfates)
  Specific requirements may be set by the buyer/customer if they are determined by the intended use of the ash. In specific cases, a minimum or maximum value can be used. With this method, the ash dust replaces the limestone.

  
  

  In the case where the limit values are not set by the buyer (customer), the values laid down in the relevant regulations, including GOST R 54204, GOST 12596, shall apply.

  The ash from the thermal waste decontamination can be further tested at the buyer/customer request with the appropriate physical tests given in Tables 1 and 2.

  Additional mechanical tests (to be specified only at the request of the user) of ash and residues from waste incineration.

  
  

   

  Table 3

  Test method	Indicator
  С109/С109М [12]	Compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars, - lb cm
  С110 [13]	Growth of heat transfer (extinguishing rate), °С
  С191 [14]	Setting time, min
  С311 [3]	Fraction remaining on sieve N 325, %
  С311 [3]	Strength index with Portland cement, 7 days, % of control value; 28 days, % of control value
  С311 [3]	Water demand, % of the control material value
  С311 [3]	Specific density
  С311 [3]	Expansion during shrinkage, %
  С311 [3]	Chemical activity against cement alkali, mortar expansion, % of the control material
  С311 [3]	Uniformity of volume change
  С593 [15]	Fraction remaining on sieve N 200, %
  С593 [15]	Fraction remaining on sieve N 30, %
  С593 [15]	Lime-puzzolanic cement strength, 7 days, lb/cm Lime-puzzolanic cement strength, 28 days, lb cm
  Method 9100 according to USEPA SW846 [16]
  Special requirements may be imposed by the purchaser, depending on the specifics of the project in which the fly ash is to be used. An adaptation of test method C109/C109M [12] should be used to evaluate the proportion of fly ash instead of cement or fly ash in combination with other materials to be used in the project (e. g. cement, lime, etc.). Adapt the test methods C110 [13] to the proportion of fly ash used instead of lime C51 [25]. The ratio of fly ash to water can be further altered to obtain measurable results.

  
  

  Fly ash certification testing and control

  After the ash samples have been generated, certification tests are carried out to assess (confirm) the conformity of the ash characteristics required for its further use.

  Acceptance criteria can be agreed and documented individually by the producer (who has produced the fly ash residue) and the user, depending on its possible end use, and it has to be considered that fly ash may contain some impurities that will affect the end use possibilities of the fly ash and the performance of the processes.

  Certificates of conformity are issued based on the results of tests on ash dust samples. The supplier shall, on the buyer’s request, provide certificates of conformity with batches of fly ash dispatched from the place of generation.

   

  If requested by the purchaser, ash sample test results are sent after test burns to the buyer as soon as they are available. Eco-Spectrum conducts a full range of research and develops recommendations for the further use of ash.

• What are the recommendations and technical requirements for the characteristics of ash and residues from incineration in the VOLKAN and HURIKAN incinerators used for recycling 30

  Answer

   

  Recommendations apply to ash or other combustion products from combustion:

  - household, industrial or commercial waste;

  - sewage sediments or other newly generated waste;

  - wood and wooden waste;

  - rice bran;

  - agricultural waste;

  - sludge from the gas scrubbing unit;

  - any combination of the above.

  Ash disposal. The waste to be treated in the unit may contain refractory, non-combustible substances that pass into ash. Their presence affects the ash content: volume and quantitative chemical analysis. Thus, the amount of ash residue can be 3-50%, depending on the loaded waste composition. The output control serves to determine the physical and chemical properties and hazard class of the decontaminated material.

   

  As SMR ashes and residues from waste incineration HS code 2621100000

  After thermal waste decontamination of (incineration), secondary waste is generated according to the FCCW:

  - 6 11 910 01 49 4 ash from burning sunflower husks;

  - 6 11 910 02 49 5 ash from the burning of rice husks;

  - 7 42 211 11 49 4 ash from the burning of bark and wood waste and sewage treatment sludge from pulp and paper production;

  - 7 46 311 11 40 4 ash from the burning of dewatered sludge of domestic and mixed sewage is low-hazard;

  - 7 47 112 11 40 4 ash from the burning of consumer waste in production, similar to municipal waste;

  - 7 47 119 11 40 4 ash from the burning of consumption waste in the production, similar to municipal waste, mixed with industrial waste, including oily waste;

  - 7 47 813 01 40 4 ash from the burning biological waste from the vivarium and laboratory animal waste;

  - 7 47 821 01 40 4 ash from combustion of biological waste from animal housing, slaughter and processing;

  - 7 47 841 11 49 4 ash from medical waste incineration, containing mainly silicon and calcium oxides;

  - 7 47 911 11 40 4 ash from the combustion of waste paper, cardboard, wood and wood products, containing mainly calcium and magnesium oxides;

  - 7 47 911 12 40 4 ash from burning cotton dust, waste paper, cardboard, and wood

  - 7 47 931 01 40 4 ash from burning paper, cardboard, wooden containers (packaging) from explosives, pesticides, agrochemicals and other chemical products;

  The resulting scale (ash) after processing can form a secondary raw material. The resulting secondary raw materials can be used as a mineral additive or filler in the manufacture of heavy, light, cellular concrete, dry building mixtures, as well as mineral binders for the preparation of mixtures and reinforced soils in road construction. The final consumption of SMR will be: production of foam and gas blocks, ash bricks, paving stones, production of cements and dry building mixes of concrete and piece reinforced concrete products, drainage devices, tiles, production of waterproofing and soundproofing materials, mineral fiber, various composite materials, mastics, sealants, and paint and varnish products, act as a filler in road construction, runways, taxiways, parking lots in airports, in the construction of port facilities, to increase the seismic resistance of buildings and structures, reclamation of quarries, in the construction of landfills, landfill bunding, dumping in garbage dumps, tailings, sludge reservoirs, dams, industrial pools and channels; filling of mined out spaces with ash. (Appendix 2).

  If the obtained ash is used for decontamination of the waste containing toxic and ecologically dangerous substances, pelletizing technology is applicable: mixing of 40-60 wt.% of ash, 10-20 wt.% of silicon oxide component of SiO₂ — 50-75%, Al₂O₃ — 530%, Na₂O — 5-20%, CaO — 1-10%, 20-40 wt.% of acid component. From the obtained mixture, granules are formed, powdered with dispersed refractory material, dried and heat-treated in two stages: for 10-30 min at 400-600 °С and for 1-20 min at 870-950°С. Technical result: increasing the strength, water resistance of the obtained non-toxic pellets of non-toxic form, and the suitability for safe burial or application. Such a method has been patented as a method of producing ash-filled polymer concretes when high-molecular-weight compounds, such as unsaturated polyester resin, are used as a binder. Such polymer concrete is characterized by high strength characteristics, resistance to chipping, products from it have a pore-free surface.

  One way to process ash with a specific surface of 2000-4000 cm²/g, containing salts of heavy metals — cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, mixed with sulfur in a ratio of 1:1-1:2.5 and heated to mastic consistency, after which the mastic is poured into molds for making blocks, or fed to the machine for pelletizing. When testing the samples, in aqueous extracts, zinc, cadmium, copper was not detected, lead — 0.024 mg/l, the content of petroleum products did not exceed 0.1 mg/l, hydrogen sulfide is not released.

  Acid ash should be used to partially or completely replace porous sands and reduce the average density of concrete. For structures of underwater and internal zones of hydraulic structures type IV acid ash should be used.

  In general, the disposal of ash in the composition provides recycling into environmentally safe products up to 90% of the original mass of ash.

  The use of ash as a reclamation agent for mine and quarry workings during mining for the purposes of environmental protection and sanitary and hygienic direction of their reclamation according to GOST 17.5.3.04-83.

  At low pH values (less than 5) liming with calcium-containing reagents is used: calcium oxide CaO, calcium oxide Ca(OH)₂, and limestone flour (dolomite). At high pH values of initial raw materials (more than 8.5), deoxidation with Phosphogypsum is used. Sorbents and structurizers (pore-forming additives) are used to increase porosity and improve the structure of techno-soil.

  The possibility of obtaining amorphous silicon dioxide (ASD) makes it possible to use the inorganic potential of rice husk as a raw material: SiO2 — 80 %, carbon C — 9 %, oxides (Fe₂O3 - 0.01 %, Al₂O₃ — 0.15 %, TiO₂ — 0.01 %, MgO - 0.4 %, CaO - 0.98 %, K₂O — 2.09 %, Na₂O — 0.07 %, Mn₃O₄ — 0.28 %, SO₃ — 0.8 %), moisture capacity — 2 %, obtained at high-temperature (600-800°С) influence on the rice husks in a vortex flow of hot oxidizing gas. It has high thermal insulation properties, high melting point, low bulk density and high porosity. It is used in the steel industry to slow down the cooling of metal by insulating its surface. The coating absorbs non-metallic inclusions (aluminum oxides) in the liquid steel.

  Return the decontaminated soil into the economic turnover or the environment by improving its biological properties by introducing biogenic elements. Biogenic elements are applied in the form of agrochemicals — nitrogen-containing mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, urea, phosphate fertilizers, potash) fertilizers included in the state catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in the Russian Federation.

  The heat or materials resulting from these technologies can be used for various purposes or not used if it is not profitable for economic or organizational reasons.

  It is possible to get material SMR (ash, decontaminated soil) product quality certificate (voluntary certification).

  CN FEA Code 2621100000. Ash and residue from the burning of municipal waste.

• Is it possible to get electricity from waste disposal? 31

  Answer

  It is possible to remove the generated heat energy not only by means of heat exchangers. The optimum solution considered is a combined heat and power generator that can utilize the waste heat of exhaust gas streams from 250°C to generate more than 600 kW of energy. The use of units in conjunction with modern thermoelectric generators (combined heat and power plants) eliminates the use of climate-damaging refrigerants as the working body using ethanol as the working body, in addition to the drive motor energy and highly efficient conversion of waste heat into electricity, compressed air, cooling.

   

  Such a solution offers the user without affecting production:

  •        produce demand-oriented energy: the necessary quantity and quality of energy;

  •        higher efficiency: very low conversion losses;

  •        useful heat that can be used for heating or drying/preheating;

  •        useful heat can be converted into technical cold.

  An alternative solution for heat generation can be the installation of a utilizing boiler, which converts the steam obtained into electrical energy. In addition, a condenser can be used for water cycling, or the use of waste steam to heat water at the enterprise. Then the exhaust gases if necessary, go to the gas scrubbing unit.

  The sequence of processes for generating electricity by converting heat for this purpose is similar to that in diesel and gasoline power generators. Conversion of heat released during thermal decontamination into mechanical energy. Electricity is generated in the generator.

  A popular type of generating set is its modification with autostart. The thermoelectric generator turns on automatically without operator intervention in case of an interruption of the circuit in the central power supply system. The equipment can be used:

  •        as a backup power supply;

  •        as the main supplier of energy;

  •        for seasonal activation of the facility.

  The recuperator unit makes it possible to heat water with the waste gases from the VOLKAN or HURIKAN Series to a temperature sufficient for heating the production facilities or for hot water demand in the plant.

  Concentrated effluent from the gas scrubbing system and wastewater from process equipment washing can be used for ash cooling with steam removal to the firing unit.

• Does Eco-Spectrum make heat recuperators for the incinerator? 32

  Answer

  
  A recuperator is a device for utilizing the heat of exhaust gases, in which the heat between the heat carriers is transferred continuously through a wall separating them.
  
  Water pipe-in-pipe recuperator is a heat exchanger, whose operating principle is convective heat transfer from the flue gases flowing in the flue pipe of the incinerator (furnace) to the vessel (cavity) in which the coolant circulates.
  
  Eco-Spectrum LLC produces recuperators, designed and manufactured in accordance with TU 28.25.11-001-37098548-2020.
  
  The water recuperator is installed on the incinerator pipe. The water recuperator is bound by the customer with the necessary safety equipment.
  
  The pipe-in-pipe recuperator should only be started up, directly operated and stopped after reading the operating manual (OM).
  
  
  
• What is the thermal capacity of the heat recuperators in the VOLKAN and HURIKAN thermal decontamination complexes? 33

  Answer

  The use of the heat received from the operation of the thermal decontamination unit (complex) is a rational method of waste disposal (according to Federal Law No. 89).
  
   In order to provide the recovery, it is necessary to complete the Unit with a heat exchanger. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, element (section) heat exchangers, two-pipe heat exchangers of pipe-in-pipe type, twisted, ribbed, spiral, plate, plate-and-ribbed heat exchangers, and others are used.
  
   When the maximum allowable operating pressure exceeds 0.05 MPa, the unit must be inspected and certified by TR TS 032 "On safety of overpressure equipment" and registered with Rostechnadzor.
  
   According to calculations:
  

  - VOLKAN Series: heat output in water or air — from 8000 kcal/h to 120,000 kcal/h; electricity generation — generator capacity from 3 to 25 kW.

  HURIKAN Series: heat output in water or air — 8000 kcal/h up to 0.82 Gcal/h; power generation — generator capacity from 3 kW up to 250 kW.

  HURIKAN R Series: heat output in water or air — 8000 kcal/h up to 5.16 Gcal/h; power generation — generator capacity from 3 kW up to 2,5 kW.

  
   The data are approximate. Rated ambient temperature (air) +20°C, exhaust gas temperature + 200°C.
  
   The heat output of water vapor at temperatures up to +200°C is equal to the heat output of air (water).
  

  Recuperators are calculated and manufactured individually according to the specifications and the customer requirements, which takes into account the length of the heating duct, the area of heated rooms, etc.

• What is fly ash? 34

  Answer

  Fly ash is industrial dust in the form of unburnable residue of fuel formed from its mineral impurities during combustion, contained in the flue gas in a suspended state.
• What is the difference between waste elimination and waste disposal? 35

  Answer

  Waste elimination is an activity related to safe and resource-saving processes of products use at the last stage of their life cycle (when they become waste) by disposal of that part of the waste that can be used as secondary resources, and removing that part of the waste that cannot be used as secondary resources. Waste recycling is an activity related to the waste use as a secondary resource.
  
• Waste recycling — what is it? 36

  Answer

  Waste recycling are activities related to the implementation of technological processes of physical, chemical and biological transformation of waste, including decontamination, in order to eliminate them, safe for the environment.
• What is waste certification? 37

  Answer

  Waste certification is a procedure for establishing whether the waste composition and properties meet the requirements or information contained in waste data sheets or other regulatory and methodological documents in waste management.
• What does waste profiling mean? 38

  Answer

  Waste profiling is a sequence of actions to identify, describe physical, chemical and process properties of waste at the stages of its process cycle, including a description of the main characteristics of specific waste, including information on the origin and aggregate state of waste, physical and chemical characteristics, as well as a description of properties hazardous to human health and the environment and directions of waste elimination, taking into account the degree of danger and resource component
• Waste identification — what is it? 39

  Answer

  Waste identification is an activity related to determining whether a specific waste belongs to a certain type, accompanied by the establishment of its hazardous, resource, process and other characteristics based on operational and information documents, including waste data sheet, control measurements, checks, tests, etc.
• What are secondary raw materials? 40

  Answer

  Secondary raw materials are a part of the secondary material resources, in respect of which there is currently a technical possibility and economic feasibility of using in the state economic activities to obtain materials and/or energy.
• Secondary energy resources — what are they? 41

  Answer

  Secondary energy resources are production and consumption waste used to obtain energy, for which there is a real possibility and feasibility of reuse directly or after additional treatment with release of thermal and/or electrical energy.
• What are secondary resources? 42

  Answer

  Secondary resources are production and consumption waste, which are potentially or actually suitable for use in the national economy to obtain raw materials, products and/or energy.
• What is the best available technology? 43

  Answer

  The best available technology is the technology for collecting, storing, transporting, processing, recycling, disposal, decontaminating, disposing and removing waste, based on the latest achievements of science and technology, aimed at reducing the negative waste impact on the environment, life and health of citizens and is available for practical application, taking into account economic and social factors.
• What is waste minimization? 44

  Answer

  Minimization of waste generation is reduction or complete cessation of waste generation in the source or technological process, including through the introduction of waste-free technologies.
  
• What is the difference between non-waste production and low-waste technology? 45

  Answer

      Waste-free production is a form of resource-saving arrangement of production characterized by the waste absence in the main production cycle or its full disposal in additional technological processes not related to obtaining the main product in the same production.
  
     Low-waste technology is the product manufacturing that generates less waste per unit of product compared to existing conventional methods of producing the same product.
• What is municipal solid waste? 46

  Answer

  Solid domestic waste is consumption waste generated by the population, including during cooking, cleaning and repair of housing premises, maintenance of communal and common areas, maintenance of pets and birds in housing, as well as obsolete, worn-out household items.
• What is the hazard class of waste, how is it determined? 47

  Answer

  Waste hazard class is a quantitative waste characteristic, expressed in points, determining the degree of its possible harmful effects, direct or indirect, on the environment in accordance with internationally recognized criteria for assigning hazardous waste to a particular hazard class.
• What is inert waste? 48

  Answer

  Inert waste is the waste that does not undergo significant physical, chemical or biological transformation during its storage, transportation, processing and use at landfills and not having a negative impact on the environment and human health.
• What is production and consumption waste? 49

  Answer

     Waste of production and consumption (hereinafter “waste”) is the remnants of raw materials, supplies, semi-finished products, other products or products formed during production or consumption, as well as goods (products) having lost their consumer properties, which cannot be further used in the place of their formation or detection and from which their owner gets rid, has the intention or should get rid by disposal or removal.
  
     Production waste is residues of raw materials, supplies, substances, semi-finished products, goods and other products formed during the production of products and/or power generation or performance of works (services) and which have lost their original consumer properties fully or partially; generated by-products not intended for production and do not having the characteristics of a process application, including rejected products; host and overburden rocks from mining operations; by-products and co-products; solids recovered from the scrubbing of waste gases and wastewater; and agricultural wastes.
  
     Consumer waste is all types of waste generated as a result of consumption and/or operation of finished products, including municipal solid waste, medical and biological waste, packaging waste, as well as waste generated during the operation of cultural, educational institutions, trade and catering organizations and enterprises and other public utility enterprises and organizations; remnants of substances, materials, items, products that have partially or completely lost their original consumer properties as a result of physical or moral wear and tear in the consumption and/or operation, as well as damage incompatible with their further use as a result of abnormal situations.
• What is waste management? 50

  Answer

  Waste management is activities related to documented (including standardized, certified, data sheeted) organizational and process operations of waste control, including the prevention and minimization of waste generation, reuse of waste, use of waste as secondary material and energy resources, accounting and control of waste generation, accumulation and disposal, as well as their collection, decontamination, processing, transportation, storage, disposal and transboundary movements, including control (supervision) of these operations and supervision of waste disposal sites.
  
  
• What regulations and standards does ECO-SPECTRUM follow when developing and drafting recommendations for thermal waste disposal and use of ash as a SMR? 51

  Answer

  In developing recommendations for thermal decontamination and ash use, Eco-Spectrum uses the results of its own research, R&D results, R&D, as well as the following regulations and standards :

  
  GOST 17.2.1.04-77 Nature protection. Atmosphere. Sources and meteorological factors of pollution, industrial emissions. Terms and definitions
  GOST ISO 9000 Quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary
  
  GOST 12596 Activated carbons. Method for the determination of ash content
  
  GOST R ISO 14001 Environmental management systems. Requirements with guidance for use
  
  GOST R ISO 14050 Environmental management. Vocabulary
  
  GOST R 52104 Resources saving. Terms and definitions
  
  GOST R 53692 Resources saving. Waste treatment. Waste process cycle stages
  
  GOST R 54098 Resources saving. Secondary material resources. Terms and definitions
  
  GOST R ISO 14050 Environmental management. Vocabulary
  
  GOST R 54204 Resources saving. Stone and brown coals. Best available techniques of incineration
  
  GOST 30108-94 Building materials and elements. Determination of specific activity of natural radioactive nuclei 
  
   [1]When using, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system — on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or by annual information index "National standards", which is published as of 1 January of the current year, and by issues of monthly information index "National standards" for the current year. If an undated reference has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version of this document be used, taking into account any changes made to this version

  
  
  
  
• Does Eco-Spectrum develop recommendations for the use of ash and residues from waste incineration as a secondary material resource (SMR)? 52

  Answer

  Eco-Spectrum develops recommendations for ash and residues from waste incineration, establishes methods for laboratory determination of physical characteristics, in order to determine the scope of application (production and construction).
  The recommendations do not include coarse debris, only ash and fine fractional residues from waste incineration.
  
  Recommendations are prepared on the basis of regulatory, normative, technical and design documentation, as well as on the basis of scientific, technical, educational and reference literature.
  The entire process of waste management by stages, process cycles with the involvement of appropriate material resources in economic activities as secondary raw materials, with the main task of preserving and protecting the environment, human health and life is fundamental in carrying out such work.
  
   Recommendations are developed individually for each customer of ECO-SPECTRUM based on the waste type or its mixture.
• Does Eco-Spectrum develop any recommendations for thermal decontamination, are there any standards or requirements? 53

  Answer

  The main object of the recommendation in the requirements is resource conservation. The main objectives of the Standard development are to prevent the negative waste impact on the environment and human health by reducing the amount of waste produced and its maximum involvement in the economic turnover as a source of secondary material and energy resources in order to preserve and save primary natural resources, reducing the areas of waste disposal and their negative impact on the environment.
  
   The recommendation subject is the management of production and consumption waste, in particular, obtaining energy resources and secondary material resources from ash and residues from waste incineration.
  
   The recommendation aspects are: use of generated heat in the thermal waste destruction and technical requirements for the
  characteristics of ash and residues from waste incineration intended for recycling.
   
  Of course, the recommendations do not claim to solve all the safety problems of management of waste from the incineration of production and consumption waste, if any. It is the user responsibility to establish appropriate health, safety, and environmental procedures and determine the applicability of regulatory restrictions prior to the recommendation use.
  
   Currently, thermal decontamination is only part of a comprehensive waste management system aimed at eliminating waste generated during human activities. Based on the principles of waste management adopted in the Russian Federation and the world as a whole according to Article 3 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ "On Production and Consumption Waste", the waste management policy is aimed at using the best available technologies to achieve performance with improved economic (lower cost compared to conventional) and environmental (higher environmental performance) characteristics, for this reason, the possibility of secondary benefit in decontamination is considered.
  
   The developed recommendations are aimed at the practical support of the processes of wider recycling of ash and residues from waste incineration in the VOLKAN and NURIKAN units.
  
   Recommendations are applied by ecologists, designers, engineers, municipal services, other end users interested in resource conservation, nature protection and ensuring occupational safety during collection and subsequent use of ash and residues from waste incineration with minimum loss of time, labor and financial costs, and causing minimal environmental damage. Recommendations developed by Eco-Spectrum LLC are unique, based on Eco-Spectrum own scientific and applied research, results of Eco-Spectrum activities, reference books and specialized literature, allowing to find the best solutions and recommendations.
  
  Recommendations are developed individually for each customer of ECO-SPECTRUM based on the waste type or its mixture
• What is the capacity of the VOLKAN 200 incinerator on the sovtol? 54

  Answer

  According to the data sheet of transformer waste with pentachlorodiphenyl, FCCW (Federal Classificatory Catalog of Waste) Code 4 72 120 01 52 1, the content in the waste sovtol-10 is 38.358%, metal content — 61.642%.
     
     According to Information and Technical Handbook 52-2022 "Management of Wastes of Hazard Classes I and II", electrical equipment in the form of power transformers of various capacities may contain PCBs of the following composition: - sovtol-10 (90% PCBs and 10% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene). The mass percentage of chlorine in pentachlorodiphenyl (PCB, chemical formula C12H5C15) and trichlorobenzene (C6H3C13) is 50 to 60%.
  
      In accordance with SEER Conclusion No. 5, to ensure the optimum technological process in the presence of a state educational institution, it is necessary to ensure the content of halogenated organic substances (chlorine) in the range of 1-15%. Taking into account the approximate content of halogenated organic substances (chlorine) in transformer waste with PCBs 50-60%, at a nominal unit load of 20 kg/h, the unit capacity will be: for drained sovtol-10 — about 50 kg/h when mixed with other substances and materials to obtain a concentration of chlorine 1-15% and taking into account the approximate content of halogenated organic substances (chlorine) in the transformer waste with PCBs 50-60%".
• How do you clean acid-forming pollutants? 55

  Answer

  Wet systems (wet scrubbers, TYPHOON Scrubber) are used for cleaning of acid-forming pollutants, which provide reduction of SO2 concentration in exhaust gases by decontamination with aqueous alkaline solutions (NaOH, Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2, etc.). Alkali dosing is necessary to maintain the pH value of the treated water in the range of 6.5 to 8.5. In addition, pH values below 6.5 lead to significant wear and tear due to the acidic environment. The actual amount of alkali needed to raise the pH from 6 to 9, determined during the test burn, is approximately 8 liters of 10% NaOH solution per 1 m3 of purified water. The actual value of the reagent consumption depends on the incinerated waste and is always individual. Alkali is dosed until the desired pH value is reached.
• What does the guarantee from ECO-SPECTRUM include? 56

  Answer

    Eco-Spectrum provides full warranty service for the entire warranty period. Eco-Spectrum guarantees:

  - ensure equipment maintenance and repair when used for its intended purpose throughout the warranty period;

  - make repairs, replace low-quality equipment, its parts with high-quality equipment with better characteristics within the Customer agreed period.

    During the warranty period, any faults detected will be repaired at the place of equipment location and, if necessary, at the place of warranty service.

    All spare parts, which ECO-SPECTRUM installs on the equipment during the warranty period, have functional characteristics according to the technical documentation of the equipment, compatible with the original accessories. The costs associated with the defect elimination in the equipment during the warranty period shall be borne by ECO-SPECTRUM.

• What documents are handed over at the incinerator delivery? 57

  Answer

  When supplying the equipment, ECO-SPECTRUM hands over to the Customer the documents related to the supplied equipment, as well as provides copies of documents confirming the compliance of the equipment with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, namely:
  

  - technical data sheet for all units of the equipment; operating instructions for the equipment;

  - a complete set of technical documentation, including: data sheet, technical operation manual, including data sheets and operation manual for purchased products used in the equipment, technical documents on the operation of instrumentation and automation, maintenance program, performance testing and preventive maintenance schedule, certification documents on compliance with fire safety (when distributed to the object of purchase);

  - executive documentation in accordance with the requirement of SP 77.13330.2016, SP 76.13330.2016 (if provided for in the contract);

  - detailed documentation, which includes a wiring diagram;

  - declaration of compliance with the technical regulations of the Customs Union;

  - valid positive State Environmental Expert conclusion on the project of technical documentation and technology of waste decontamination and disposal (certified document copies);

  - operation manual provides recommendations on how to prepare the waste before loading;

  - other documents to ensure uninterrupted and accident-free operation, stipulated by the current legislation of the Russian Federation: acoustic characteristics, protocols of noise measurements.

  - analysis protocols issued by an accredited laboratory, confirming compliance with the emission standard for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans not exceeding 0.1 ng/m3;

  Operational and accompanying documentation must be provided in Russian, and in English for export deliveries. All operating systems are also programmed in the language of the customer's country.
• Does the packaging meet the requirements for international carriage (shipping)? 58

  Answer

  The equipment is delivered in the original equipment manufacturer's packaging, which ensures its safety, marketable appearance and protects it from all kinds of damage, deterioration, contamination during transportation, handling and storage. The equipment container (packaging) is undamaged and without signs of tampering.
  The equipment has the necessary markings, clearly legible, the information is complete and accurate.
  
• What are the quality guarantees of ECO-SPECTRUM products? 59

  Answer

  •    The quality of the equipment produced by Eco-Spectrum is confirmed by international CE certificate
  •    Welders of Eco-Spectrum are certified in accordance with the National Welding Inspection System according to the NAKS system, which ensures high quality of welding with metals and alloys of any thickness in any spatial position.
  •    The lining is made of ceramic insulating plate and concrete on anchors of heat-resistant stainless steel with expansion elements, which allows the lining to withstand significant dynamic and thermal loads throughout the operation, including during transportation and movement. The lining quality increases the incineration unit life as a whole, prevents the heating of metal surfaces, minimizing fuel consumption by reducing heat loss.
  •    We use only the highest quality materials in production, corresponding to the highest international standards.
  •    Timely and efficient after-sales service is confirmed by our long-term customer references
  
• What is the sanitary protection zone for incinerators? 60

  Answer

  HURIKAN rotary incinerators (thermal decontamination and disposal units) are designed for the disposal of industrial, domestic, medical, and biological waste. The positive State Environmental Expert Conclusion of the technological process of disposal in the units applies to more than 4,700 types of waste of Hazard Classes I, II, III, IV and V. According to SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.-14, a sanitary protection zone of 1000 m is established for incinerator unit with the capacity over 40 thousand tons per year, and 500 m if the capacity is less than 40 thousand tons per year. The HURIKAN rotary unit operates at temperatures between 850 and 1200°C, ensuring complete decontamination of hazardous waste and waste gases.
• What are the threshold values for HURIKAN R units? 61

  Answer

  The threshold values of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere for waste incinerators do not exceed the indicators established by the document approved by Order No. 270 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation dated 24.04.2019, "Process indicators of the best available technologies for waste disposal by thermal method (waste incineration)".
  The emission thresholds for waste incinerators are equivalent to Directive 2010/75/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council dated 24 November 2010 on Industrial Emissions.
  The HURIKAN rotary series is a patented equipment considered a unique invention among rotary incinerators
  
• What is the cost of waste disposal? 62

  Answer

  Eco-Spectrum has all the necessary resources, experience and knowledge in the waste disposal. We carry out calculations and practical studies, tests, as well as regularly collect information from organizations operating our equipment to use it not only to improve the quality, technology, and functionality, but also to justify the economic feasibility.
  The most popular cost calculation requests we receive from organizations disposing of contaminated soil/sand (organic content 15%), oil sludge (oil production and oil refining waste), vegetable residues (agricultural waste), wood (from woodworking industries), excess sludge (from housing services), liquid pesticides (emulsions), waste oils, etc. We have made calculations on the cost of disposal for the HURIKAN incinerators and confirmed by tests of many wastes. It should be noted that the data provided below are for the Eco-Spectrum technology, since many parameters are taken into account, including unit configuration, speed and volume of gases, temperature conditions, thermal conductivity of materials, chemical composition of waste (caloric content, moisture), type of fuel, amount of oxygen, etc. The data cannot be used for the units of other manufacturers.
  

  • Contaminated soil/sand (organic content 15%)-0.776 GT, rub/kg waste
  • Plant residues — 0.201 GT, rub/kg waste
  • Wood — 0.088 GT, rubles/kg waste
  • Wastewater (96% water) — 1.001 GT, rub/kg waste
  • Liquid pesticides (emulsions) — 0.126 GT rub/kg waste
  • Waste oils — 0 GT rubles/kg waste
• What are the main competitive advantages of Eco-Spectrum? 63

  Answer

  1.  Eco-Spectrum is a highly specialized organization, whose activities are aimed at the development and search for effective process solutions in waste decontamination and disposal
  2. Eco-Spectrum has a comprehensive engineering resource required for design, engineering and manufacturing, holder of own patents
  3. Eco-Spectrum uses its production facilities, carrying out a continuous quality control of manufactured products
  4. More than 10 years of experience in manufacturing process equipment
  5. Positive conclusion of SEEC (State Environmental Expert Conclusion) of Rosprirodnadzor for 4700 types of waste
• How to choose the type of recuperator for an incinerator? 64

  Answer

  The recuperator can be performed by the gas-water type, when it is necessary to remove heat for heating and hot water supply. It is an optional item, recuperator capacity is determined individually for each customer depending on the technical requirements. Equipment for generating electricity from the heat of flue gases is available
• What are the requirements for an incinerator operator? 65

  Answer

  ECO-SPECTRUM instructs the Customer's personnel in the equipment operation and maintenance.
  
   Instruction is provided free of charge for the Company's customers at the site during the equipment commissioning after the supervision and installation completion.
  
   ECO-SPECTRUM is in the process of obtaining a license for training activities, and upon completion of the course, the graduate receives a certificate of the profession acquired and an operator's certificate.
  
   The information is transmitted to the Federal Register of Information on Educational Documents
  The established form complies with Law No. 273-FZ "On Education".
• Who conducts the commissioning? 66

  Answer

  Commissioning is a set of tests and trials carried out in the final part of the installation of the equipment on site.
  
        The work is performed by highly qualified specialists of the company using advanced software, tools and instruments.
  
       The main task is to check reliability and safety, as well as compliance with design parameters. The outcome of the activities is the finished project handover.
  
      At the final stage of commissioning, individual tests of electrical equipment are performed. The beginning of this stage is considered the introduction of operating mode on the installation, adjustment of parameters, protection settings and characteristics of electrical equipment, testing of control, protection and alarm schemes, as well as electrical equipment at no-load operation.
• Who installs the equipment? 67

  Answer

  ECO-SPECTRUM supervises the equipment installation at the Customer's site.
  

     Supervision and installation is performed directly by the supplier's managers. The working staff is provided by the buyer, and the main components are controlled by specialists of the operating company.

     Under the guidance of the company's specialists, the customer's employees perform the entire installation: make adjustments, setting of the main parameters, their adaptation to the appropriate requirements.

     The customer prepares the site, erects foundations or bases for the complex, installs utilities to the site, and carries out other work as specified in the project.

• What is the process of waste decontamination in the HURIKAN rotary incinerator? 68

  Answer

  The waste is loaded into the receiving hopper, from which it enters the screw conveyor and is fed into the rotating main chamber and passes through the burner flame. Under the high temperature influence, the combustion begins in the air oxygen environment.
    Waste is moved inside the rotating main chamber (combustion chamber) of the incinerator, where it is exposed to high temperatures. As a result of waste combustion, flue gases are formed and go from the main chamber to the secondary chamber, and the ash comes to the ash collector - the system of automatic ash discharge.
    In the secondary chamber (afterburning chamber), organic compounds of flue gases not destroyed in the main chamber, are burned off at high temperature by holding the gases for at least 2 seconds at high temperature (at least 850C)
    The gas heated to a high temperature from the secondary chamber enters the heat exchanger, lowering its temperature to a value, at which it is possible to operate the gas scrubbing system.
    The flue gases from the heat exchanger are directed to the gas scrubbing system, which consists of a cyclone filter with an additional dry injection system. Dust particles, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, heavy metals and organic impurities are captured. Flue gases are emitted into the atmosphere in scrubbed form through the chimney.
• Is there any waste left over after gas decontamination in the HURIKAN incinerator? 69

  Answer

  Due to the unique recycling cycle system in conjunction with the incinerator, developed by Eco-Spectrum LLC, waste generation during operation can be eliminated, thereby reducing the level of impact on the environment.
  The water treatment system consists of the following interrelated structures:
  - tank for water supply to the gas scrubber;
  - recycling water treatment tank, where the effluent is settled and treated, and the treated and cleaned liquid is fed back into the gas treatment system via a water supply tank to the gas scrubber.
  The water treatment system can be equipped with a preparation and dosing station that allows to prepare reagent solutions and automatically feed them into the system, as well as monitor their content using sensors.
  The water treatment system can be equipped with waste water cooling devices to reduce evaporation losses during operation of the gas treatment system.
  The wet gas scrubbing system compared to the dry gas scrubbing system is preferable due to greater efficiency, the possibility of sharp gas quenching to prevent recombination of PCDD/F, minimization of the amount of by-product produced by the gas scrubbing system, lower power consumption.
  
• What is included in the TYPHOON gas scrubbing system of the HURIKAN incinerator? 70

  Answer

  
  A "wet" gas scrubbing system must include at least the following components:
  a)    recuperator, heat exchanger or other devices for gas cooling from 1000°C or more to 500-550°C designed to reduce the temperature of incoming gas from the combustion chamber, required for operation of subsequent units of gas scrubbing equipment and the subsequent direction of the flue gases into the cyclone.
  b)    cyclone, dust-separating chamber or other dust collectors of coarse and medium scrubbing, designed for gas scrubbing from coarse suspended particles and subsequent direction of flue gases to the gas scrubber.
  c)    gas scrubber serving for fine gas cleaning from suspended particles and decontamination of gaseous impurities is designed for gas scrubbing from fine suspended particles, gas scrubbing from gaseous impurities and subsequent direction of flue gases to the drift eliminator.
  d)    drift eliminator, dehumidifier or other device for scrubbing flue gases from dripping moisture.
  e)    recycling cycle water treatment system or other devices designed to purify the generated effluents during the operation of the "wet" gas scrubbing system, as well as to return water to the process cycle of decontamination and prevent the formation of wastewater, scrubbing sludge, entering the installation as it is formed.
  The system components are made of corrosion-resistant materials (to prevent breakdown in contact with acid gases and carcinogens produced by burning hazardous medical waste), designed for the operating temperature of the system.
  Gas scrubber (Venturi scrubber) when used without gas cooling and dedusting on the inlet part is made of special alloys, allowing to operate the system at the temperature of flue gases up to 1200°C.
   
  
• Is it possible to monitor emissions at HURIKAN? 71

  Answer

  We have implemented projects with a monitoring facilities, the incinerator can optionally be equipped with an automatic emission control system, taking into account, first of all, the following requirements:
  
   1) system functions in automatic, continuous, round-the-clock mode;
  2) all data necessary to calculate the value of gross emissions are provided by direct instrumental methods;
  3) system as a whole and its components comply with the legislation on ensuring the uniformity of measurements.
• What automation equipment is used on the HURIKAN incinerator? 72

  Answer

  Means of automation, warning light and sound alarm of the emergency state of the equipment provide at least control and necessarily safe operation, namely, automation of temperature maintenance with the sensors of the combustion and afterburning chamber temperature with the output on the operator's display, the output of information on the operator panel about the position of the charging hatches, nodes to ensure personnel safety during operation, display of flue gas pressure-discharge sensor values in the combustion and afterburning chamber on the operator panel within the control values, recording and archiving of operating data, providing automatic control systems (programs and devices that provide protection against incorrect operator actions that can lead to process disturbances, providing devices for continuous monitoring of electrical voltage, preventing shutdown in case of overloads or short circuits with displaying the corresponding information on the screen of the operator panel, etc.
• Does the documentation of the HURIKAN unit comply with GOST in terms of electrical safety? 73

  Answer

  Documentation fully complies with GOST 21.613-2014, electrical circuit diagrams indicate the values of installed and calculated power, rated current, power factor and type of electrical equipment, the documentation provides "Structural diagram of electrical isolation" and the scheme of the input and distribution board indicate the values of installed and calculated power. Electrical schemes are made in accordance with GOST 2.702-2011 "Unified system of design documentation. (USDD). The documentation contains the technical characteristics of the protective and switching equipment (rated current of the circuit breaker, rated overcurrent setting current (lp), short-circuit zone trip current setting (lm)), etc. All electrical equipment has data sheets and certificates.
• Do HURIKAN incinerators meet electrical safety requirements? 74

  Answer

  Eco-Spectrum is working at the highest level to provide equipment and technical accompanying documentation. The instrumentation, APCS and power engineers develop and work to ensure electrical safety of units at the facilities "Industrial site for the treatment and decontamination of production and consumption waste".
• What are the specific features of mobile incinerators? 75

  Answer

  ---

  High-capacity mobile complexes for waste disposal in places of temporary storage (e. g. pesticides, construction waste, landfills, etc.) are quickly deployable compact complexes of high performance (unit movement is possible in hard-to-reach places, due to the unique technology, the lining is stable and not subject to destruction).

  ---

  The unit provides:

  ·       ability to move the complex to a place of waste generation or temporary storage;

  ·       rapid deployment in case of emergency measures to eliminate the consequences of emergencies, spread of epizootics, etc.;

  ·       autonomy due to the placement of fuel tanks, generators and other equipment on the landing platform (for autonomous operation in the field);

  ·       due to special fasteners and quick-release mechanisms, all attachments are quickly assembled and disassembled;

  ·       high productivity due to the grate zone and increased combustion area.

• How to select plastics from the trash? 76

  Answer

  Plastic is not a naturally biodegradable material, and given the amount of plastic on the planet and its projected increase in the coming years, the perceived environmental impacts of plastic production are growing rapidly. Consequently, plastic recycling is now encouraged and supported by many countries.
  
   Different fractions of plastic are selected manually and automatically.
  
   Plastic fractions are manually sorted in the main and pre-sorting cabins.
  
   Plastic fractions are automatically selected using optical and air separators.
  
   As an additional option, Eco-Spectrum offers:
  - plastic washing complex;
  - plastic shredding complex.
• Can Eco-Spectrum advise on the choice of magnetic separators, which separators have the best characteristics? 77

  Answer

  
  Sorted metals have one of the highest resale prices in the recycled material market.
  
  In addition, it is considered much more economically viable to use recycled metal instead of mining it and remelting it for further use.
  
  The eddy current separator for non-magnetic metals allows the separation of nonferrous metals. Due to it, conductive metals acquire a trajectory different from the inert fraction, which ensures the separation of non-ferrous metals. The eddy current separator is capable of separating non-magnetic metals such as Al, Mg, Cu, Ag, Zn, Sn, Pb from inert non-conductive materials such as glass, wood, plastic, rubber, paper, etc.
  
  The magnetic separator allows to separate magnetic metals from the inert fraction. Magnetic separators consist of a magnet surrounded by a rotating conveyor belt.
  
  Eco-Spectrum can develop a complex project, including equipment for metal sorting. We work with magnetic separator manufacturers all over the world and can offer the best solutions. Eco-Spectrum manufactures conveyor belts, separators, drum screens and other sorting equipment for sorting and disposal.
  
• What is RDF or SRF? 78

  Answer

  RDF or SRF is a waste-derived fuel that uses shredded fractions of plastic, paper, and cardboard to convert them into a fuel equal in calorific value to coal.
  
   This alternative fuel can be used in all industries where high-temperature operation is required. It is used as an auxiliary or primary energy source in furnaces where temperatures of about 2000°C and above are required.
  
   The main end users of RDF fuel are cement plants and other similar industries.
  
  
• What to do with hazardous waste? 79

  Answer

  There are some types of waste not allowed to be sorted because of their hazardous characteristics or low marketability as secondary raw materials. These include: medical, chemical, textiles and other types of waste.
  
   However, this does not mean that this waste should be sent to landfill. The best solution is to thermally decontaminate such waste by incineration, given the importance of scrubbing the flue gases to preserve the environment, with the possibility of using the scrubbed gases to produce heat and electricity.
  
   Eco-Spectrum offers a wide range of incinerators with gas scrubbing systems with emission thresholds equivalent to Directive 2010/75/EC of the European Parliament and Council dated 24 November 2010 “On industrial emissions”.
  
  
• Biological soil or compost? 80

  Answer

  Biological soil is the product of composting, which produces fertilizer.
  
   The concept of bio-soil production is to periodically intermix the compost, resulting in material that can be sold to fertilizer companies.
  
   Made of organic waste, it already contains many nutrients making it easy to mix the biosolids with additives to achieve the right level to produce the desired type of fertilizer.
  
   According to the European Commission, more efficient use of nutrients means more sustainable and less resource-intensive agriculture, as well as less damage to local water sources.
• Am I correct in assuming that water treatment is used after wet scrubbing, which allows for waste-free disposal? 81

  Answer

  The flotation technology is pressure flotation with partial recirculation of treated effluent to produce a flotation mixture. This method allows to clean wastewater from petroleum products and their processing, fats and oils, products of organic synthesis, surface active substances (surfactants), fine suspended solids, activated sludge from biological treatment facilities, etc. Flotator operates in the flow-through mode. Part of the treated water is fed by the circulation pump to the saturator; from the saturator, air-saturated water is fed to the flotation chamber inlet and mixed with the source water. In the flotation chamber, due to a sharp pressure decrease, dissolved air is released. Flocculated impurities (flotation foam) are continuously removed from the water surface by a scraper mechanism into a “dirty pocket” and drained away. The sludge is collected in the conical part of the flotator and sent for incineration, providing a closed cycle and waste-free disposal.
• What does the automation and instrumentation system include? 82

  Answer

  - control panel, complete with a touch panel controller;
  - discrete and analog sensors;
  - indicating instrumentation;
  - actuators (electric power equipment).
  
  Technological processes are automatically managed by the controller in accordance with the programmed algorithm, by changing the state of actuators depending on sensor signals.
  
  User interface implemented on the basis of the touch panel allows to control parameters, start and stop process cycles, control the unit in manual mode.
  
  Indicating instrumentation allows to control some process parameters on site.
  
  The control panel, in which electrical power and low-current equipment is mounted, is located in a container.
  
  The power supply cable is connected to it, as well as the low-current and electrical cables from the sensors and electric power equipment, respectively.
• Is it possible to use pyrolysis fuel for combustion? What is pyrolysis technology designed for? 83

  Answer

  Biofuels are an alternative source of light crude oil, from which diesel fuel and other products can later be produced.
  
  Pyrolysis technology is used for this purpose. It is also considered environmentally friendly because it uses waste to produce fuel.
  
  Pyrolysis technology is designed for disposal and recycling by thermal decomposition of any carbon-containing waste: waste rubber and plastics, automotive tire waste, electronic waste, wood waste, metallurgical production, etc.
  
  Waste type used to produce biofuel is rubber.
  
  Pyrolysis fuel can be used in the incineration of waste not subject to pyrolysis.
  
• What are the methods of biogas production? 84

  Answer

  The technology of biogas production from waste is in high demand, because it is considered a renewable, as well as environmentally friendly source of energy.
  
  The principle of this technology is that the gas is produced by biodegradation. It is also important to emphasize that this gas is considered environmentally friendly.
  
  The main types of waste that are used to produce this gas are organic waste, consisting of food waste and waste coming from trees and orchards.
  
  Eco-Spectrum offers the concept of anaerobic fermentation to obtain such a product, this concept is considered the most favorable because of the higher productivity results compared to other methods. This method provides high-quality raw materials that can be used to produce biogas.
  
  This material is then stored for several years to produce biogas.
  
• Is it possible to design a waste-sorting complex with a capacity of 500 thousand tons per year? 85

  Answer

  Of course, Eco-Spectrum develops sorting complexes of any capacity, the scheme shows a complex for 500 thousand tons with the ability to select up to 50% of the secondary material resources, including organic material. At the same time, the complex is equipped with a sorting "tailings" disposal site for subsequent thermal disposal and zero waste after sorting. Heat is directed to the production needs of the complex, ash — for processing.
  
  
• What benefits does the customer get when cooperating with Eco-Spectrum? 86

  Answer

  Eco-Spectrum is an expert in the development and design of high-tech equipment for waste sorting and disposal. The customer can be assured of the guarantees it receives from cooperation with Eco-Spectrum:
  

  •  Basic warranty;
  • Convenient export delivery terms:
  • EXW, FOB, CIF, etc.;
  • Flexible payment;
  • Individual equipment design;
  • Carrying out commissioning and supervising installation;
  • Maintenance throughout the entire period of operation;
  • 24/7 customer contact with the company on matters of interest;
  • Timeliness of delivery

  ;
• What is energy recovery from waste? 87

  Answer

  An alternative solution for heat generation can be the installation of a recovery boiler, which converts the thermal energy of the waste gases into electricity. In addition, it is possible to use a condenser for water cycling or use waste steam to preheat water at the plant.
  
  The equipment can be used:
  • as a backup power source;
  • as the main supplier of energy;
  • for seasonal activation of the facility.
  
  
  
• How can the excess heat generated by burning waste be used? 88

  Answer

  Eco-Spectrum incinerators can include a heat recovery unit. This configuration allows to distribute the excess heat generated by waste incineration and send it to the enterprise needs.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Using similar technology, it is possible to provide heating and water heating:
  • Greenhouse complexes;
  • Production facilities;
  • Domestic premises.
• Where can acid ash be used? 89

  Answer

  Acid ash can be used for partial or complete replacement of porous sands and reduction of the average density of concrete, for structures of underwater and internal zones of hydraulic structures.
  
  
  It is possible to use ash as a reclamation agent for laying mine workings and open pits during mining for environmental and sanitary and hygienic direction of their reclamation.
• What is the incinerator design? 90

  Answer

  Structurally, the incinerator consists of several elements:
  
   - outer casing, made of carbon steel, acts as a supporting frame for the lining and provides a hermetic seal;
  
   - thermal insulation layer made of various materials serves to reduce the physical heat loss of the incinerator through the enclosing structures and, therefore, reduce the temperature on the outer casing;
  
   - lining made of refractory materials withstands the high-temperature, chemical, abrasive effects of waste and resulting combustion products.
• Has the technology of applying ash after incineration been tested? 91

  Answer

  If the ash from waste decontamination contains toxic and environmentally hazardous substances, granulation technology is applicable. This technology also applies to the production of polymer sand products with ash instead of sand: 30% solid plastic and 70% ash.
  
  
  
  Technical result: increasing the strength, water resistance of the obtained non-toxic pellets of non-toxic form, and the suitability for safe burial or application.
  The technology of polymer sand products with ash instead of sand is tested by Eco-Spectrum.
• Can the ash from incineration be used in construction? 92

  Answer

  Ash can be a filler in road construction, runways, taxiways, parking lots at airports, in the construction of port facilities, to increase the seismic resistance of buildings and structures, reclamation of quarries, in landfill dumping, dumping of waste storage, tailings, sludge reservoirs, dams, industrial pools and channels; used to fill mined-out spaces
  
  

  

• What is the ash value after incineration? 93

  Answer

  The resulting secondary raw materials (ash) can be used as a mineral additive or filler in the manufacture of heavy, light, cellular concrete, dry building mixtures, as well as mineral binders for the preparation of mixtures and reinforced soils in road construction.
  
  
  
  
  Market offers:
  Cost of ash slag, ash and fly ash per 1 ton, including VAT from 1350 to 2650 ₽ with delivery in Moscow and the Moscow Region
  
  
  The end result of the use will be: production of foam and gas blocks, ash bricks, paving stones, production of cement and dry mixes of concrete and piece reinforced concrete products, drainage devices, tiles, production of waterproofing and soundproofing materials, mineral fiber, various composite materials, mastics, sealants, and paint and varnish products.
• Features and advantages of the HURIKAN rotary incinerator 94

  Answer

  The unit provides:

  • ability to decontaminate waste continuously 24/7;
  • automated waste loading and ash unloading with separation and selection of useful fractions for further involvement in production activities;
  • possibility to control the drum rotation speed for efficient combustion and increased productivity depending on the waste type;
  • heat recovery in air-to-air and air-to-water versions;
  • efficiency of gas scrubbing systems up to 99.1%. This maximizes the environmental friendliness of the high hazard class waste disposal
• What are the benefits of ashes after incineration, where can ashes be used after incineration? 95

  Answer

  Ash disposal. Waste sent for processing may contain refractory non-flammable substances that pass into ash. Their presence affects the ash content: residue mass and composition. Thus, the ash residue amount depends on the loaded waste composition. Outlet ash control is necessary to determine the physical and chemical properties and hazard class of the decontaminated material.  

  
  

  Earlier studies of ash show is composition domination by silicon and calcium oxides, which implies that the main area of ash application can be the construction field — use as an inert building material.

• What are the advantages of the HURIKAN 1000 incinerator? 96

  Answer

  HURIKAN 1000 unit provides:

  • possibility of mechanized loading of oversized waste;
  • burner control is differentiated to regulate temperatures and air supply to increase productivity depending on the waste type;
  • maintaining specified temperature parameters at minimum fuel consumption by means of combined linings;
  • elimination of physical labor of the personnel due to automation of the loading chamber cover (remote opening);
  • safe operation due to automation of all processes (flame shutdown when the cover is open, emergency light and sound alarms and SMS notification)
  
• Are the HURIKAN incinerators suitable for the decontamination and destruction of medical waste? 97

  Answer

  The HURIKAN units are ideal for the decontamination and destruction of Classes A, B, B and D medical waste, including pharmaceuticals, without the need for prior decontamination (autoclaving).
  

  • The unit provides decontamination of dioxin and furan emissions during thermal decontamination of chlorine-containing waste, safe working conditions for the operator due to automated loading of waste with dosing.
  • Lining allows high combustion chamber temperatures to be maintained, reducing fuel consumption and extending unit life by years.
  • The wet scrubbing system captures volatile gases from the decomposition of highly hazardous toxic waste.
  • Closed cycle of water use through the water treatment unit, no contaminated effluents and reduced water treatment

• What are the emission thresholds for the VOLKAN and HURIKAN units? 98

  Answer

  Threshold air pollutant emissions for the VOLKAN and HURICAN incinerators comply with Directive 2010/75/EC "On Industrial Emissions”
• What kind of waste is HURIKAN 5000 R suitable for? 99

  Answer

  The HURIKAN 5000 R incinerator is ideal for thermal waste decontamination and disposal from the petrochemical, textile, woodworking, agricultural, mining, food, trade, paper, medical and biological waste, municipal, construction waste, sewage sludge, contaminated soil and other waste, separately and/or in mixture without pre-treatment.
  
   The unit provides:
  
   • decontamination of waste of different aggregate state: solid, liquid, pasty, and loose.
  
   • reducing the hazard class of waste, a significant reduction in the total volume (up to 97%), with the formation of secondary material resources: heat, electricity, commercial ash.
  
   • capturing fugitive gases during the decomposition of highly hazardous toxic waste and a closed cycle of water use through the water treatment unit: no contaminated effluents and reduced water consumption.
• How does Eco-Spectrum prevent recombination of dioxins and furans? 100

  Answer

  When solving the problem of bringing the sulfur dioxide level to the MPE requirements and quenching of flue gases to prevent the recombination of dioxins and furans, decisions are made to use a wet gas scrubbing system complete with a Venturi scrubber with water spraying and an additional injection of an alkaline reagent. In the case of dioxins and furans, their presence in flue gases is due to their recombination in highly dusty gas in the temperature range from 200 to 450°C. Therefore, in this case, in order to avoid this process, it is necessary to avoid dust and air mixture in this temperature range for more than 0.7 seconds. Abrupt gas cooling (quenching) and dedusting prevent the formation of dioxins and furans, meeting the MPE requirement in emissions not exceeding 0.04 ng/m3. For sulfur and chlorine-containing waste, there are several options for flue gas scrubbing from acid gases (sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride), and the efficiency of the wet gas scrubbing system compared to the dry one is higher.
  

  
  Advantages:
  - higher scrubbing efficiency than for dry ones;
  - gas quenching with abrupt cooling, which prevents recombination of dioxins and furans;
  - less waste after the scrubbing system than for dry system.

• What are the advantages of a freestanding afterburning chamber for VOLKAN and HURIKAN incinerators? 101

  Answer

  The advantage of all Eco-Spectrum incinerators is the freestanding combustion chamber, so the combustion chamber is accessible from three sides. This provides easy and safe operation, the incinerator body is not exposed to thermal shock when opening the cover, there are no obstacles for loading mechanisms or machinery when bringing and loading waste.
  Eco-Spectrum engineers have developed removable hydraulic bucket loaders with a tipping function, making loading much easier.
  
• What material is used for lining the cover of VOLKAN and HURIKAN incinerators? 102

  Answer

  The chamber cover is a moving part of the incinerator, and on a large perimeter, is created in addition to the thermal load dynamic. Therefore, an insulating lining under its weight over a large perimeter must meet the following technical requirements:
  
  1. Light weight
  2. Fire resistance up to min. 1100°C
  3. No contact of fixing metal material with hot gas/flame
  4. Durability
  
   In the production of linings for incinerator covers, Eco-Spectrum uses high quality lightweight insulating materials of European quality that allow the unit to be serviced without great physical effort by personnel. At the same time, the cover lining provides protection for the metal body of the cover, which eliminates its deformation and destruction.
• How does the location of the burners affect combustion? 103

  Answer

  The chamber burners in VOLKAN incinerators and some HURIKAN models are located in the end walls of the combustion chamber at an angle of 25 degrees, which allows the burners' flames not to cross, cover the entire loaded material with the flame, achieve the most efficient (high-quality) material combustion/incineration.
• What is the usable volume of the combustion chamber? 104

  Answer

  Waste must not block process openings: burner ports, gas passages. The combustion chamber must leave a volume for the combustion products. When the chamber is fully loaded, the burner flame will go out due to a lack of oxygen and in this case, the incinerator will smoke from under the cover. Useful volume is a part of the internal space of the chamber, in which it is possible to maintain the specified conditions at the exhausted mode within the specified tolerances.
• Can you describe the technological process of waste decontamination in the HURIKAN 150 incinerator with a wet scrubber system? 105

  Answer

  The HURIKAN 150 chamber incinerator is designed for the high-temperature thermal destruction, decontamination and disposal of industrial, medical and biological waste.
  The waste is loaded into the loading unit or through sliding covers for oversized waste, after which, it enters the main chamber.
  
   The main chamber (combustion chamber) is a welded box-type structure made of sheet steel and reinforced with stiffening ribs. The chamber lining is presented by two layers: the first (main) is heat-resistant concrete with operating temperature up to 1400°С, it takes the main heat load; the second (intermediate) is fiberglass refractory plate with operating temperature up to 1400°С, it additionally protects the metal body from high temperatures, allows to operate the installation in case of damage of concrete lining.
  
   The burner units (BU) of the main chamber are installed in two rows. The upper row of BUs provides waste ignition and combustion, as well as maintains the decontamination temperature automatically in the specified temperature range. The bottom row of BUs provides waste ignition, minimizes mechanical underburning, provides decontamination of liquid waste, and maintains the decontamination temperature automatically in the specified temperature range. Due to these design solutions, uniform and complete thermal decomposition of waste is possible, and the minimum possible yield of ash residue is achieved. Then, the flue gases and decomposition products enter the secondary chamber.
  
   The secondary chamber (afterburning chamber) is a welded box-type structure made of sheet steel and reinforced with stiffening ribs. The chamber is lined with high-temperature fiber, which provides a reduction in thermal losses of the chamber and reduces the structure weight. In this chamber at temperatures above 900-950°C, afterburning of unburned in the main chamber particles and gases (oxidation of CO, decomposition of dioxins and furans, etc.) occurs. The chamber volume is calculated based on the unit capacity and the morphological composition of the waste, which allows to hold gas for more than 2 seconds, ensuring quality decontamination in accordance with Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on "Waste incineration", Brussels, 4 December 2000, European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union. The secondary combustion chamber burner units maintain the afterburning temperature automatically within the specified temperature range.
  
   To improve the operation quality (to reduce the pollutant concentration in the emissions) after the secondary chamber, the flue gases go to the wet gas scrubbing system. This system is represented by the TYPHOON scrubber (Venturi scrubber) high-pressure direct-flow Venturi gas scrubber. In high-speed gas scrubbers, the main factor ensuring gas scrubbing is the water feeding into the high-speed dusty gas flow, which contributes to thorough water dispersion and subsequent washing of gas with water in the turbulent mode of gas flow. High purge gas velocities are provided by Venturi tubes. In general, TYPHOON scrubbers are a combination of Venturi tubes and downstream drift eliminators. Water enters the fastest part of the Venturi tubes (in the confuser). The scrubber has a water supply with the reagent introduction to decontaminate the gaseous impurities contained in the flue gases. Also in the process of high-speed gas flushing, the gas is abruptly cooled ("gas quenching") — this process prevents the recombination of highly toxic dioxins and furans, this method of "gas quenching" in the TYPHOON scrubber is the most effective and least energy consuming (water has the greatest heat capacity and heat of phase transition compared to air or other easily accessible heat carriers).
  
   The gas treatment system requires a water treatment system. This system supplies water to the Venturi pipe for spray irrigation, diverts contaminated water from the cyclone drift eliminator, cools and scrubs the water, prepares and delivers water again to the Venturi pipe. The system make-up is insignificant and is associated with evaporation losses in the gas scrubbing system.
  
   Scrubbed flue gases are removed from the system through the gas ducts due to the operation of a centrifugal high-pressure fan (smoke exhauster), which overcomes the resistance of the entire system and provides a nominal flow of flue gases.
  
  n case of emergency situations in the gas scrubbing system, water treatment system or other incinerator is equipped with a bypass and emergency chimney to ensure, if necessary, removal of combustion products from the unit.
  
    The basic operating parameters are controlled with the automation panel. It is located in the unit service area, which ensures efficient work of the operator and full control over the decontamination process. Built-in archiver and remote GSM connection allows on-site and remote control.
• What is the composition of HURIKAN 5000 R? 106

  Answer

  The unit is a set of equipment providing the flow of controlled technological processes of thermal decontamination and waste disposal.
  
   The unit equipment is placed on the site (partially in a covered room).
  
   The unit includes the following process lines:
  - waste decontamination;
  - blow air;
  - chemical scrubbing of flue gases;
  - dust extraction;
  - flue gas removal;
  - diesel fuel supply;
  - liquid waste supply,
  as well as an automated equipment control system with starting protection valves.
  
   The unit is equipped with instrumentation and automation tools to monitor process parameters and automatically or manually control the process from the operator control panel (OCP).
  
   Automation tools ensure equipment protection by alarms and interlocks actuating when process parameters go beyond the regulated values.
  
   Modules are parts of equipment located on the frame and in containers with reinforcements at the points of equipment installation, insulated with mineral wool, with inner lining.
  
   At the end of the container module of the gas scrubbing system, there is a swing gate, and there is a door on the side wall. Also, the container design provides process openings.
  
   The inner lining is made of profiled sheet metal
  
   The walls, floor and ceiling are insulated with high quality insulation materials.
  
   Depending on the technical building of the customer and the requirements of the technical operating conditions, the layout and equipment, and the material performance may have different characteristics from those presented
• What is the capacity of recuperators produced by Eco-Spectrum? 107

  Answer

  The capacity of gas-to-liquid (gas-to-air) recuperators can vary from 10 kW to 3MW, depending on the incinerator model, recuperator purpose and afterburning chamber temperatures maintained.
  
  
  
• What is the operating principle of TYPHOON wet scrubbing system from Eco-Spectrum? 108

  Answer

  Due to the high temperatures of waste disposal, the dry gas scrubbing line must, first of all, include a gas-air or gas-water recuperator (heat exchanger, cooler). Its main task is to ensure that the incoming gas temperature drops to a level safe for the downstream equipment operation. Gas-air recuperators can be equipped with fans for greater efficiency.
  

   The gas scrubbing line itself must have at least two stages: coarse and fine scrubbing (Fig. 1).

  
  

  Fig. 1 Process diagram of the wet gas scrubbing system of the incinerator

  
  The first stage can be represented by cyclones (battery cyclones, dust collecting chambers, inertial dust collectors) for settling the coarse fraction of suspended particles. The second stage can be represented by gas scrubbers (sprayed gas ducts, flushing chambers, hollow and packed scrubbers, Venturi scrubber, foam and barbotage scrubbers, etc.), serves for fine gas scrubbing from suspended particles, as well as for decontamination of gaseous impurities. The number of apparatuses and the reagents used in the irrigation liquid depend on the composition of the gas to be scrubbed. When using Venturi scrubbers to scrub gas with a dust content up to 30 g/m3, it is possible not to install a recuperator and the first stage (cyclones, etc.).
  
   Next, the gas must be scrubbed of dripping moisture. Centrifugal drift eliminators, plate drift eliminators and other devices can be used to reduce the moisture content in the scrubbed gas.
  
   The required volume of pumped gas, as well as overcoming the resistance of the entire gas-scrubbing system, is provided by installing one or more centrifugal fans.
  
   If necessary, the system can be equipped with an absorber.
• What is the operating principle of TYPHOON DRY dry gas scrubbing system by Eco-Spectrum? 109

  Answer

  Due to the high temperatures of waste disposal, the dry gas scrubbing line must, first of all, include a gas-air or gas-water recuperator (heat exchanger, cooler). Its main task is to ensure that the incoming gas temperature drops to a level safe for the downstream equipment operation. Gas-air recuperators can be equipped with fans for greater efficiency.
  The gas scrubbing line itself must have at least two stages: coarse and fine scrubbing (Fig. 1).
  
  
  
  
  Fig. 1 Process diagram of the dry gas scrubbing system of the incinerator
  
  The first stage can be represented by cyclones (battery cyclones, dust collecting chambers, inertial dust collectors) for settling the coarse fraction of suspended particles. The second stage can be represented by bag (fabric) filters (fiber and granular filters, electrostatic precipitators, ceramic filters), serves for fine gas scrubbing from suspended particles.
  
   After dedusting, the gas is scrubbed of the remaining gaseous impurities. Catalytic and adsorption filters are used for this purpose, depending on the impurities.
  
   The required volume of pumped gas, as well as overcoming the resistance of the entire gas-scrubbing system, is provided by installing one or more centrifugal fans.
  
   If necessary, the dry gas scrubbing system can be additionally equipped with a dry sorbent injection system to decontaminate gaseous impurities.
• Features of operation and heat losses of TDU 500 and HURIKAN 2000 R units 110

  Answer

  The TDU has no lining layer to provide and maintain the stated temperatures in the chambers. Even in the case of structural "pipe-in-pipe" design, the inner tube will be exposed to temperatures that exceed the thermal resistance of the material, which will cause significant deformation, loss of bearing capacity, corrosion, and burning. Steel AISI 430 (lining chambers) is used up to +850°C, with prolonged use in the range of +400°C - +600°C becomes brittle, fragile and requires annealing for further use.

  Significant heat losses not only increase fuel consumption to maintain decontamination temperatures, but also expose other structure elements to heat, degrading performance, reducing load-bearing capacity, increasing wear (supports, bearing assembly, etc.).

  The HURIKAN 2000R incinerator has a double-layer lining of both the combustion and the afterburning chambers.

  The combustion chamber lining (together with the loading and unloading unit) consists of:

  1. Insulation of internal walls of the furnace body with fiberglass refractory slabs is arranged to reduce heat loss, ensure stable temperatures, minimize fuel consumption to maintain combustion, avoid high thermal loads on the metal body, increase efficiency and the service life of the unit. Heat resistance up to 1260°C.

  2. Monolithic concrete with anchoring system provides resistance to mechanical loads during rotation and waste loading, extends lining service life without repairs, operation at high temperatures above 800°C, respectively, increases the unit performance. It also heats the exhaust gases in the secondary chamber for further thermal treatment (afterburning) at a temperature of at least 850°C to increase efficiency by accumulating heat, as well as minimizing fuel consumption. Heat resistance up to 1300°C.

  
  

  The afterburning chamber lining consists of

  1.  Fiberglass refractory ceramic blocks designed to the secondary chamber configuration are installed by Z-block method that eliminates the contact of fixing materials with hot gas and open flame. This technology allows for long lining life, and the lining density, characteristics and thickness reduce heat loss and thermal load, correspondingly increasing service life and efficiency by maintaining high temperatures without heat loss. Heat resistance up to 1260°C.
  2. High temperature alumina mastic provides additional protection for fiberglass blocks against thermal stress and abrasion. Heat resistance up to 1700°C.
     

• What does the capacity of a waste incineration unit depend on? 111

  Answer

  The unit capacity is determined by the generated volume of flue gases, the time of its holding in the afterburning chamber and, accordingly, the temperature maintained in the afterburning chamber.
  
  The combustion rate is directly related to the temperature set. When the material burns, thermal energy is released, which causes the temperature in the chambers to rise. To ensure stable temperatures in the waste incinerator, the combustion rate should match all the technical parameters of the main chamber (size, shape, volume, etc.).
  
  The combustion rate of materials is usually estimated by the average speed of flame propagation through the combustion chamber space, expressed in meters per second. The combustion rate depends on the composition and degree of gas mixture swirling, compression ratio, combustion chamber shape, and other physical and technical parameters.
  
  The combustion rate also depends directly on the diameter of the transitions and the combustion chamber volume. The gas swirling projection also depends on the position and angle of the burners in the chamber.
  The combustion rate depends on the area of the materials to be burned.
  
• What is the difference between TDU 500 and HURIKAN 2000 R gas scrubbing systems? 112

  Answer

  The gas scrubbing system of THD unit is represented by a cyclone and a wet hollow scrubber. Based on the maintained temperatures in the afterburning chamber and the absence of any heat exchangers, it can be concluded that the cooling of flue gases before the cyclone is due to the dilution of combustion products with atmospheric air. This requires the installation of a more productive gas scrubbing system. Otherwise, the decontamination temperatures do not actually match the stated temperatures. The wet hollow scrubber is the cheapest, less energy-consuming solution in wet scrubbing systems, and therefore, less effective than other options.
  
  There is no water treatment system in the sense that it should be. There is no reagent dosage as such. The effluent is essentially untreated and re-fed to the scrubber for irrigation. There is also no cooling in the system, the effluent temperature during operation gradually increases, and the scrubbing efficiency decreases. The sludge is discharged manually.
  
  The gas scrubbing system of HURIKAN 2000R incinerator is represented by TYPHOON scrubber. This scrubber operation is based on the use of a Venturi tube as the most effective gas scrubbing device. Flue gases are cooled from 1200°C to 150°C by the differential pressure and supply of irrigation liquid. Cooling occurs at flow rates of up to 150 m/s in a fraction of a second, providing a "gas quenching", preventing recombination of dioxins and furans. The use of nickel alloys on the Venturi pipe inlet allows the system to operate at flue gas temperatures up to 1200°C. The TYPHOON scrubber, due to its high resistance, makes it possible to effectively clean the flue gases not only from micron and submicron dust, but also from chemical pollutants even when using ordinary potable water as an irrigation liquid.
  
  The water treatment system of the HURIKAN 2000R incinerator recycle cycle cools the gas scrubbing system effluent, purifies the effluent, and feeds the purified and prepared liquid back into the gas scrubbing system. Preparation and dosing station allows to prepare reagent solutions and automatically feed them into the system, as well as control their content. The generated sludge is automatically fed to the incinerator for decontamination, completely eliminating waste from the gas scrubbing and water treatment system. The system is supplied in insulated, heated containers that allow the unit to operate at low temperatures without the risk of system "defrosting".
  
  
  
• How to compare the performance of TDU 500 and the HURIKAN 2000R? 113

  Answer

  According to the State Environmental Expert Conclusion, the TDU unit, based on the critical temperatures of the afterburning chamber, we can conclude about the operation in the temperature range from 1000 to 1300°С. The combustion chamber volume is 22 m3. Exposure time is 4 sec. Under these conditions, the TDU unit is designed for decontamination (afterburning) of not more than 4000 nm3/h of flue gases. HURIKAN 2000R incinerator, according to the State Environmental Expert Conclusion, decontaminates flue gases from oil sludge combustion in the afterburning chamber at a temperature of at least 850°С. The combustion chamber volume is 25 m3. Exposure time of 2 seconds according to Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste combustion, Brussels, 4 December 2000. Under these conditions, the HURIKAN 2000R incinerator is designed for decontamination (afterburning) of no more than 10,000 nm3/h of flue gases.
  
  The HURIKAN 2000R incinerator has a capacity of more than twice that of the TDU unit, provided that the process regulations and guidance documents are followed.
  
• What are threshold limit value with gas cleaning system? 114

  Answer

  The concentration of pollutants at the outlet of the gas cleaning system depends on the initial parameters of primary emissions from the equipment and the implemented technology solutions. The use of various technology solutions, solutions and sorbents in gas cleaning can provide purification of emissions with up to 99.9% efficiency it makes possible to bring the level of emissions to the maximum permissible requirements for emissions in accordance with Best Available Technique and Information and Technical Reference book 9-2020.
• Is it possible to change the lining in the incinerator or cremator? 115

  Answer

  The linings of the main chamber and the gas afterburning chamber can be changed depending on the waste, the climatic conditions of use of the thermal waste disposal unit and other factors. All design changes, first of all, are coordinated with the customer. The site presents basic models of incinerators and cremators, on request, the furnace for recycling and neutralization of waste can be modified depending on the modes and operating conditions.
• When is it necessary to reduce the SPZ (Sanitary Protection Zone)? 116

  Answer

  If:
  - there are complaints from residents about an unpleasant smell, smog, noise.
  - due to the acceleration of urbanization, residential buildings, educational institutions, sports complexes and other zones of the SPZ are being built within the SPZ.
  - adjustment of concentrations of pollutants to ensure the safety of workers (sometimes the need to reduce concentrations may arise from the results of clinical and hygienic studies of working conditions of personnel).
  
• What MPC will be obtained after the introduction of the gas purification system? 117

  Answer

  The concentration of pollutants at the outlet of the gas purification system depends on the initial parameters of primary emissions from equipment and implemented technological solutions. The use of various solutions and fillers in gas cleaning can provide cleaning of emissions with a coefficient of 0.9.
• Do I need a license to burn waste generated in my own production and use the generated heat? 118

  Answer

  According to the law "On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities", activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of waste of hazard classes I-IV are subject to licensing. Thus, the planned activity falls under the definition of "disposal" and is subject to licensing.
• Which category of land is suitable for the disposal site? 119

  Answer

  According to the classifier of types of permitted use of land plots (appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation No. 540), the placement of waste disposal facilities should be suitable for the intended purpose of "Special Activity" Code 12.2. If the planned site does not correspond to the intended purpose, the transfer of land and land plots is allowed in cases defined by legislation.
• How to choose an incinerator? 120

  Answer

  When choosing an incinerator, it is necessary to follow several mandatory rules.
  In fact, we need to calculate two main parameters that we need to burn a particular type of waste. Incineration rate and waste fraction (size at one-time loading).
  
  1. Type of waste (biological, wood, oil-containing, medical, etc.). The required burning rate depends on this parameter. Each waste burns differently!
  2. The volume of waste per day in kilograms. This parameter also affects the burning rate.
  3. Working shift in hours.
  4. The size of the waste fraction in centimeters. This parameter will determine the required size of the boot window.
  
  Here is an example of how you can choose an incinerator for a particular waste.
  
  1. Type of waste - Biological (gastrointestinal)
  2. Volume per day - 1000 kg
  3. Working shift - 24 hours
  4. Size - 1m3 = 0.7 kg of gastrointestinal tract
  
  It turns out that in this case VOLKAN 750, VOLKAN 500. 1000 kg / 24 = 42 kg per hour + Fraction volume and morphology of waste (the gastrointestinal tract is very wet waste and a more productive incinerator is needed) is suitable for us.
  
  You can always contact our specialists for detailed advice and assistance in the selection of equipment by calling 8 (800) 555-59-12 (in Russia for free).

• Is it possible to dispose of chemical waste in an incinerator? 121

  Answer

  There is no single way to destroy chemical waste, there are 6 ways of disposal, which are used depending on the composition of the scrap.

  1. Neutralization makes it possible to process harmful waste into safe ones due to various chemical reactions. For example, the hydrolysis of alkalis, which is applicable in the neutralization of poisons and pesticides.
  2. Thanks to chlorination with oxidation, it is possible to neutralize substances by 99.99%. The procedure takes place using calcium, chlorine, sodium and hydrogen peroxide necessarily in water.
  3. Alcoholism is a method of neutralization of chemical waste using chemical alcohols and mono-ethanols.
  4. The simplest and cheapest way to destroy waste is the thermal method. As a result of the reaction, the chemical composition of the materials is completely destroyed, followed by their combustion.
  5. Thanks to the distillation method, it is possible to split waste to displace liquids from them that participated in the initial reactions. After such splitting, the liquids can be reused.
  6. The method of biological treatment of chemical waste has been poorly studied, it is used only in small factories.

• Is the incineration of medical waste an acceptable method of disposal in accordance with the legislation? What methods and methods of neutralization (destruction) of medical waste are generally used? 122

  Answer

  Methods of medical waste treatment

  In most countries that have ratified the Basel Convention of 1992, the rules and regulations for the disposal and transportation of medical waste are based on its provisions, which involves the use of technologies leading to the destruction of about 90% of medical waste and disinfection, followed by the disposal of the remaining 10%. At the same time, many countries, including Russia, still use the method of disposal in special landfills with preliminary disinfection for the disposal of most medical waste.

  In the modern world, the main methods of medical waste treatment are:

  Chemical disinfection

  Chemical disinfection is most often performed using chlorine-containing substances. Chemical disinfection is often combined with mechanical processes, such as grinding or dissolving, to ensure complete penetration of chemicals.

  Incineration using incinerators

  Incineration is a controlled process of incineration of medical waste in a special furnace (incinerator). Waste intended for incineration in an incinerator cannot be sorted, so all waste is completely destroyed.

  Steam sterilization under pressure and at a temperature of more than 100 ° C using autoclaves

  Autoclave is a device for steam sterilization under pressure and at a temperature of more than 100 °. The autoclave is used for sterilization of dressings, linen, tools, dishes for bacteriological laboratories, nutrient media for growing microorganisms, etc. Autoclaves can also be used to sterilize medical waste before disposal in a landfill.

  The principle of operation of the autoclave is based on an increase in the boiling point of water with increasing pressure.

  Medical waste that has been disinfected in an autoclave must be further processed - compressed, grinded or crushed, so that the waste is unidentifiable and cannot be reused for other purposes. After sterilization and compaction, medical waste can be combined with household waste and disposed of in a common landfill.

  Using microwaves

  The use of microwaves for disinfection of medical waste is one of the recent innovations in this field. Microwave processing can be carried out both stationary and on mobile objects. For this type of disinfection, the waste is usually pre-crushed, then mixed with water and exposed to microwave radiation. The heat and steam generated during processing ensure uniform heating of all waste and effectively neutralize all biological preparations. Shredding reduces the volume of waste by up to 80%, while recycled waste can be disposed of in a conventional landfill.

  An alternative method of sterilization of medical equipment, materials and medical waste is sterilization using ionizing, radioactive or infrared radiation

  The sterilization effect of ionizing radiation is the result of exposure to the metabolic processes of the cell, while radioactive and infrared radiation, high-frequency vibrations exert their bactericidal effect with the help of heat developed in the treated object. Not all medical waste can be sterilized in this way (some microorganisms are radiation resistant). The risk of personnel exposure, although minimal, is also a disadvantage of this method.

• What Federal law regulates the rules for handling medical waste? 123

  Answer

  At the moment, there is no separate federal law on medical waste in Russia, where the concept of "medical waste" would be clearly spelled out, rules for their collection, temporary storage, transportation, burial or destruction were contained, responsibility for the execution of each of the stages was determined, as well as measures applied in case of violations.

  The rules for the treatment of medical waste are regulated by sanitary rules and norms N2.1.7.2790-10 of December 12, 2010 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the treatment of medical waste".

  For more information, please call the toll-free number 8 (800) 555-59-12

• What is more efficient, more profitable? Solid waste recycling or incineration? 124

  Answer

  Recycling About 40-50% of MSW are subject to repeated processing with the help of special technological equipment. The list of valuable raw materials includes the following types of waste:

  • all types of metal
  • glass
  • polymers yarn
  • and fabric products, paper
  • tires, rubbers
  • old asphalt pavement
  • organic household and agricultural waste

  All of the above materials can act as secondary raw materials after the processing process. Then they gain a second life in the form of products used in various spheres of human life.

  Incineration is the most efficient way of disposal for all types of waste – solid, liquid and gaseous. It is carried out under the influence of extremely high temperatures exceeding the mark of 1000 ° C. The low-temperature combustion process is dangerous for the environment, as a result of which this method is being replaced by new technologies.

  Burial is one of the simplest and cheapest options for waste disposal. Burial can be carried out on specially allocated land plots - landfills, quarries. This method of garbage disposal is ineffective and unsafe for the environment.

  Result:

  The prospects for generating income from the removal, storage, processing and incineration of garbage depend on their initial investments and the list of services provided. Only the collection and removal of solid waste on one unit of special equipment, which will regularly serve 6 - 8 points, can bring up to 6 thousand net profit per night, and 1 kilogram of solid waste in the cost of incineration costs is not more than 1.5 rubles. If there is not one machine, but several incineration plants, if there is at least one sorting line, it will be possible to process valuable scrap or at least just sort it, burn the "tails" after sorting, then the level of income from solid waste disposal activities will increase many times.

  In combination, several methods can give maximum efficiency and economic benefits.

  For more information, please call the toll-free number 8 (800) 555-59-12

If you have any questions, we will be happy to answer

Shalhoub
Jihad Vadih

Export Activity Manager

d.shalhub@ecospectrum.ru
8-800-555-59-12 (134)

Kremlev
Denis Sergeevich

SALES ENGINEER

d.kremlev@ecospectrum.ru
8-800-555-59-12 (121)

Oleynik Marina
Vasilevna

Deputy Director General for Development and Environmental Safety

m.oleynik@ecospectrum.ru
8-800-555-59-12 (160)